One Medicine: How understanding animals can save our lives

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Find out how you can get involved, see how you can support us in a professional capacity or join the Humanimal Hub, our online forum providing a platform for collaboration amongst human and veterinary medical professionals. Leboeuf Aline. Making Sense of One Health Cooperating at the Human-Animal-Ecosystem Health Interface. IFRI Health and Environment Reports. 2011; 7 http://www ​.ifri.org/en ​/publications/enotes ​/notes-de-lifri/making-sense-one-health. Most current laboratory animal testing is for the sole, often arguable benefit of humans and not the animal concerned or its species. Kahn Laura H, Davis Ronald M. ‘One Medicine-One Health’: Interview with Ronald M. Davis, MD, President of the American Medical Association, 14 May 2008. Veterinaria Italiana. 2009; 45(1):19–21. [ PubMed : 20391387] Lerner, H. and Berg, C. (2017) A comparison of three holistic approaches to health: one health, ecohealth, and planetary health. Front. Vet. Sci. 163, 1–7 10.3389/fvets.2017.00163

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European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2021) The European Union One health 2019 zoonoses report. EFSA J. 19, 6406 10.2093/j.efsa.2021.6406 King Lonnie. One Health Initiative Task Force. American Veterinary Medical Association; 2008. One Health: A New Professional Imperative. https://www ​.avma.org ​/KB/Resources/Reports ​/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf. Kirk Robert. A Brave New Animal for a Brave New World: The British Laboratory Animals Bureau and the Constitution of International Standards of Laboratory Animal Production and Use, circa 1947–1968. Isis. 2010; 101(1):62–94. [ PubMed : 20575490]

His first book, Critical,has been translated into four languages. He lives in Australia with his family, enjoys CrossFit, photography, cold beer and even colder ice cream. There are several key inferences to be drawn from this data. First, while OH has been adopted by key policy and research institutions across multiple disciplines, its uptake by researchers beyond the veterinary sciences has been relatively limited. Second, the nonveterinary fields where it has been taken up are those with direct interests in key OH topics, particularly those related to infectious diseases. Finally, the differing fields allied to OM and OWOH reflect their orientations toward clinical medicine and global health/infectious diseases. Star Susan Leigh, Griesemer James. Institutional Ecology, ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39. Social Studies of Science. 1989; 19(3):387–420.

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Wood James LN, Leach Melissa, Waldman Linda, MacGregor Hayley, Fooks Anthony R, Jones Kate E, et al. A Framework for the Study of Zoonotic Disease Emergence and Its Drivers: Spillover of Bat Pathogens as a Case Study. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences. 2012; 367(1604):2881–2892. [ PubMed : 22966143] Leung Zee, Middleton Dean, Morrison Karen. One Health and EcoHealth in Ontario: A Qualitative Study Exploring How Holistic and Integrative Approaches Are Shaping Public Health Practice in Ontario. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1):358. [ PubMed : 22591618] One Medicine supports learning from the treatment of naturally occurring disease, helping those who need help rather than the use of experimental models. Patients do not undergo any extra tests or procedures, rather, responses to treatment are collated and samples can be retained for subsequent research. So what happened to initiate this change and the more widespread uptake of OH? Adopting OH as a single term had advantages for both OM and OWOH advocates: it was less cumbersome, significantly broadened the scope of their shared agenda, and decentered disciplines. The idea of “health” reaches far beyond infectious disease or clinical research and encompasses a much broader range of issues, practices, and policies than “medicine” can. Many advocates have embraced the flexibility of this expanded version of OH, adopting the “umbrella” metaphor as a way of articulating the inclusive nature of the agenda ( One Health Sweden 2014). This shift was also driven by more pragmatic concerns: in 2008 the Wildlife Conservation Society registered the OWOH slogan as a trademark with the U.S. Patent Office, preventing its usage by other organizations. Since 2010, a biennial international conference series and journal have been founded and activities have been sponsored by research funding bodies, philanthropic foundations, and pharmaceutical companies. Moving out from its origins in the United States and Switzerland, OH meetings and associations have become increasingly international, appearing across Europe (e.g., Netherlands, Sweden), Southeast Asia (e.g., South Korea, Malaysia), Australia, and Africa (e.g., Ethiopia, Uganda). The ideas and terminology of OH have increasingly been used to facilitate interdepartmental cooperation in policy making and government ( CDC 2013; Department of Health 2013; Leung et al. 2012). In the United Kingdom at least, several universities have merged their veterinary, medical, and biological sciences schools, referencing OH as part of the reason for these moves and launching new training programs ( Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons [RCVS] 2014; University of Surrey 2012). Tiwari R, Dhama K, Sharun K, Iqbal Yatoo M, Malik YS, Singh R, Michalak I, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Tiwari R, et al. Vet Q. 2020 Dec;40(1):169-182. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725. Vet Q. 2020. PMID: 32393111 Free PMC article. Review.Given the influence of these institutions in shaping health research, policy, and practice globally, it is important to understand why OH has had so much traction with these actors. Perhaps they have been convinced by the arguments—even if the main priority is to improve human health, understanding why and how, for example, infectious diseases move between multiple species can bring obvious benefits. However, arguments about why we should think across humans and animals about health and medicine are far from new, and have been advanced from time to time ever since veterinary medicine emerged as a separate profession during the late eighteenth century ( Woods and Bresalier 2014; Bresalier et al. 2015). Animals have regularly played important roles in the history of medicine, as bodies to experiment on, as sources of theoretical insight, and as objects of inquiry in their own right ( Hardy 2003; Kirk and Worboys 2011). This raises an obvious question: given that ideas about the convergence of human and animal health have had such a long history, why have they gained significant international and institutional traction only so recently? In other words, the key question is not why OH, but why OH now.

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Zinsstag Jakob, Meisser Andrea, Schelling Esther, Tanner Marcel. From Two Medicines to One Medicine to One Health and Beyond. 2011. http://www ​.sacids.org ​/kms/resources/OneHealth ​_Johannesburg_Zinsstagetal_2011 ​%20(2).pdf. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO and FAO). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1951. Joint “WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Zoonoses” WHO Technical Report Series No. 40. One Medicine is the concept whereby human and animal healthcare advance hand in hand with vets, doctors and researchers collaborating to ensure that all humans and animals benefit from equal and sustainable medical progress but not at the expense of an animal’s life. Just reading the book after I attended a book presentation with the author at the Lane Bookshop (nomen est omen) at the end of the world, in Perth Western Australia. One end of the world anyway. The origin of the One Medicine concept has been linked to the 19th century German physician and pathologist, Rudolf Virchow, whose discoveries on Trichinella spiralis in pork led to valuable public health measures ( 1). Virchow coined the term “zoonosis” and proclaimed that there should be no dividing line between human and animal medicine. The One Medicine theme was continued by Canadian physician and pathologist Sir William Osler who taught medical students at McGill College and veterinary students at the Montreal Veterinary College in the 1870s ( 2). Osler published on the relation of animals to man and promoted comparative pathology and the One Medicine Concept.Bensaude Vincent Bernadette. The Politics of Buzzwords at the Interface of Technoscience, Market and Society: The Case of ‘Public Engagement in Science.’ Public Understanding of Science. 2014; 23(3):238–253. [ PubMed : 24495899]