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Miller, P. J. O.; Aoki, K.; Rendell, L. E.; Amano, M. (2008). "Stereotypical resting behavior of the sperm whale". Current Biology. 18 (1): R21–R23. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.003. PMID 18177706. S2CID 10587736. a b c d e Reeves, R. R.; Stewart, P. J.; Clapham, J.; Powell, J. A. (2002). Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: A guide to their identification. New York: Knopf. pp.234–237. Rose, Kenneth D. (2001). "The Ancestry of Whales" (PDF). Science. 293 (5538): 2216–2217. doi: 10.1126/science.1065305. PMID 11567127. S2CID 82651628. Rommel, S. A.; etal. (2023). "Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Resource Management. 7 (3): 189–209. doi: 10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.730. S2CID 32951311. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
Between 1960 and 1992, the Navy carried out a program that included the study of marine mammals' abilities with sonar, with the objective of improving the detection of underwater objects. A large number of belugas were used from 1975 on, the first being dolphins. [141] [142] The program also included training them to carry equipment and material to divers working underwater by holding cameras in their mouths to locate lost objects, survey ships and submarines, and underwater monitoring. [142] A similar program was used by the Russian Navy during the Cold War, in which belugas were also trained for antimining operations in the Arctic. [143] Cooke JG (2018c). " Balaenoptera physalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018c. e.T2478A50349982. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2478A50349982.en. |date= / |doi= mismatch Laidre KL, Stirling I, Lowry LF, Wiig Ø, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Ferguson SH (2008). "Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change". Ecological Applications. 18 (2 Suppl): S97–S125. doi: 10.1890/06-0546.1. PMID 18494365.Perrin, W. F.; Donovan, G. P. (1984). "Report of the Workshop". In Perrin, W. F.; Donovan, G. P.; DeMaster, D. P. (eds.). Reproduction in whales, dolphin and porpoises. Cambridge, UK: International Whaling Commission. Nemoto, T.; Okiyama, M.; Iwasaki, N.; Kikuchi, T. (1988). "Squid as Predators on Krill (Euphausia superba) and Prey for Sperm Whales in the Southern Ocean". In Dietrich Sahrhage (ed.). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp.292–296. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25. ISBN 978-3-642-73726-8. Balaenopterids are the rorquals. These animals, along with the cetotheriids, rely on their throat pleats to gulp large amounts of water while feeding. The throat pleats extend from the mouth to the navel and allow the mouth to expand to a large volume for more efficient capture of the small animals they feed on. Balaenopterids consist of two genera and eight species. [14] Whaling by humans has existed since the Stone Age. Ancient whalers used harpoons to spear the bigger animals from boats out at sea. [85] People from Norway and Japan started hunting whales around 2000 B.C. [86] Whales are typically hunted for their meat and blubber by aboriginal groups; they used baleen for baskets or roofing, and made tools and masks out of bones. [86] The Inuit hunted whales in the Arctic Ocean. [86] The Basques started whaling as early as the 11th century, sailing as far as Newfoundland in the 16th century in search of right whales. [87] [88] 18th- and 19th-century whalers hunted whales mainly for their oil, which was used as lamp fuel and a lubricant, baleen or whalebone, which was used for items such as corsets and skirt hoops, [86] and ambergris, which was used as a fixative for perfumes. The most successful whaling nations at this time were the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States. [89]
Antarctic subspecies ( B. m. intermedia) – This subspecies includes all populations found around the Antarctic. They have been recorded to travel as far north as eastern tropical Pacific, the central Indian Ocean, and the waters of southwestern Australia and northern New Zealand. [24] Leatherwood, S.; Reeves, R. R.; Perrin, W. F.; Evans, W. E. (1982). "Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: A guide to their identification". NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular. 444: 245. Global cetacean summary report (PDF) (Report). Australian Government Department for the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. June 2009.Blue whales appear to avoid directly competing with other baleen whales. [72] [73] [74] Different whale species select different feeding spaces and times as well as different prey species. [67] [75] [76] In the Southern Ocean, baleen whales appear to feed on Antarctic krill of different sizes, which may lessen competition between them. [77] Reproduction and birth A blue whale calf with its mother
Beluga Whales in Captivity: Hunted, Poisoned, Unprotected. Special Report on Captivity 2006 (Report). Canadian Marine Environment Protection Society. 2006. The average length of sexually mature female blue whales is 22.0 meters (72.1ft) for Eastern North Pacific blue whales, 24 meters (79ft) for central and western North Pacific blue whales, 21–24 meters (68–78ft) for North Atlantic blue whales, 25.4–26.3 meters (83.4–86.3ft) for Antarctic blue whales, 23.5 meters (77.1ft) for Chilean blue whales, and 21.3 meters (69.9ft) for pygmy blue whales. [41] [46] [47] The main difference between each family of mysticete is in their feeding adaptations and subsequent behaviour.Within 10 million years, from the age of Pakicetus to Dorudon, cetaceans had completely adapted to life in the water. That sounds like a long time, but in evolutionary terms this is considerably fast. Whales without teeth
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