Anatomicum

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In 1690, the surgeons had a larger auditorium, with a cupola, built on the second floor. This extension gave the building its present, definitive shape. The surgeons gave their lectures in what came to be called the Theatrum Anatomicum. They dissected the dead bodies of recently executed criminals before an audience of medical students and colleagues. On certain special occasions, market or fair days for instance, the general public was allowed in and could take a look at skeletons or the prepared skins of those criminals. There was also a collection of stuffed exotic animals to be marvelled at. The Amsterdam lessons in anatomy acquired their world fame from the paintings Rembrandt made of them. "The Anatomy Lesson by Professor Tulp" is dated 1632, the lesson by Professor Deyman is from 1656. Rembrandt was not the only painter who immortalised dissections. In the Theatrum Anatomicum, between 1731 and 1789 the healers-gentlemen had no less than 87 coats of arms painted in the higher reaches of the cupola. Jiménez‐Rodríguez D, Torres Navarro MD, Plaza Del Pino FJ, Arrogante O. 2020. Simulated nursing video consultations: An innovative proposal during Covid‐19 confinement. Clin Simul Nurs 48:29–37. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

This beautiful book explores the human body from underneath the skin as if it were a journey through a museum. Katy Wiedemann's delicately drawn diagrams accompany Shapiro J, Hunt L. 2003. All the world's a stage: The use of theatrical performance in medical education. Med Educ 37:922–927. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Schumacher GH. 2007. Theatrum anatomicum in history and today. Int J Morphol 25:15–32. [ Google Scholar] Stewart P. 2017. The Live‐Streaming Handbook: How to Create Live‐Video for Social Media on Your Phone and Desktop. 1st Ed. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. 388 p. [ Google Scholar] After falling into disuse as a weigh house, the Waag served a range of different functions. In the 19th century it was used consecutively as a fencing hall, a furniture workshop, a workshop for oil lamps used for street lighting, a fire station, and as the city archives. [6] In the first half of the 19th century, punishments were carried out in front of the building. There was even a guillotine.

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Gleeson D, Husbands C. 2004. The Performing School: Managing Teaching and Learning in a Performance Culture. 1st Ed. London, UL: RoutledgeFalmer. 256 p. [ Google Scholar] Muntz D, Franco J, Ferguson CC, Ark TK, Kalet A. 2021. Telehealth and medical student education in the time of COVID‐19 – and beyond. Acad Med (in press; doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004014 Using 2D and 3D culture systems, we are investigating cellular co-cultures to examine their behaviour, organisation and interaction. C. Commelin, Beschryvinge van Amsterdam, zynde een naukeurige verhandelinge van desselfs eerste oorspronk etc, Amsterdam 1693, 2 volumes (Dutch)

Wudebwe U.N.G., Bannerman A., Goldberg-Oppenheimer P., Paxton J.Z., Williams R.L., Grover L.M. (2015). Exploiting cell-mediated contraction and adhesion to structure tissues in vitro. Philosophical transactions B. 370(1661). Kelsey A., McCulloch V. Gillingwater TG., Findlater G., Paxton JZ (2019) Anatomical Sciences at Edinburgh: Initial experiences of teaching anatomy online. Translational Research in Anatomy 19, 100065. Although the particulars moving forward remain understandably opaque, over the past year, anatomy educators worldwide have begun to anticipate calls both to reduce anatomy's curricula footprint and to transfer content to more specialized training venues (e.g., surgery) (Moxham, 2021). Within this space, they imagine a more digital‐based anatomy laboratory grounded in a high‐quality, real‐time, live‐feed learning and with digital technologies extending far beyond videotaping lectures or providing 3D anatomical schemas. These live‐feed sessions will mimic the experience students might have of being present in the anatomy laboratory to participate in a dissection and communicate in real time with the anatomist (Bailey and Dean, 2020; Bhute et al., 2021). They also foresee students as more engaged partners, and curricula co‐creators as educators push previously deployed team‐based learning, blended learning, and flipped classroom strategies into these reimagined studio‐based learning encounters.

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Wang A., Williams R.L., Jumbu N., Paxton J.Z., Davis E.T., Snow M.A., Ritchie A.C., Johansson C.B., Sammons R.L. Grover L.M. (2016) Development of tissue engineered ligaments with titanium spring reinforcement. RSC Advances 100 Sokolovskaya IE. 2020. Socio‐psychological factors of student satisfaction in the context of digitalization of education during the COVID‐19 pandemic and self‐isolation. Digit Sociol 3:46–54. [ Google Scholar] Koch A, Schwennsen K, Dutton TA, Smith D. 2002. The Redesign of Studio Culture: A Report of the AIAS Studio Culture Task Force. 1st Ed. Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architecture Students. 31 p. URL: https://www.aias.org/wp‐content/uploads/2016/09/The_Redesign_of_Studio_Culture_2002.pdf [accessed 21 July 2021]. [ Google Scholar] Klement BJ, Paulsen DF, Wineski LE. 2017. Implementation and modification of an anatomy‐based integrated curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10:262–275. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] The Paxton Lab uses a range of techniques in their research such as 3D cell culture, imaging, bioreactor development and mechanical evaluation as part of a highly multidisciplinary research environment. The following projects are underway within the lab.

Although anatomy educators have long faced both external and internal pressures to reconceptualize the role of anatomy within the medical curriculum (Pawlina, 2009; Smith et al., 2016; Klement et al., 2017), Covid‐19 did trigger more of a survivor mode for both faculty and students. Faced with the prospect of limited to no dissection, along with the deployment of “distanced” learning and balky technologies, students felt both socially isolated and pedagogically abandoned (Sokolovskaya, 2020; Hamza et al., 2021). Meanwhile, faculty, with little time for strategic planning or even considered decision‐making, felt equally overwhelmed and estranged (Evans et al., 2020). Frankl SE, Joshi A, Onorato S, Jawahir GL, Pelletier SR, Dalrymple JL, Schwartz AW. 2021. Preparing future doctors for telemedicine: An asynchronous curriculum for medical students implemented during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acad Med (in press; doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004260). [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] Paxton J.Z., Grover L.M. and Baar K.(2010) Engineering an in vitro model of a functional ligament from bone to bone. Tissue Eng Part A 16(11):3515-25 Huitt TW, Killins A, Brooks WS. 2015. Team‐based learning in the gross anatomy laboratory improves academic performance and students' attitudes toward teamwork. Anat Sci Educ 8:95–103. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Miramini S, Fegan KL, Green NC, Espino DM, Zhang L, Thomas‐Seale LE. 2020. The status and challenges of replicating the mechanical properties of connective tissues using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 103:103544. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]Jennifer has published in a range of leading Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials journals. She is also regularly asked to act as a reviewer for numerous journals in this field and as a reviewer for several funding bodies. Jennifer Paxton's detailed anatomical information for a learning experience that is quite unlike any other. Hobson WL, Hoffmann‐Longtin K, Loue S, Love LM, Liu HY, Power CM, Pollart SM. 2019. Active learning on center stage: Theater as a tool for medical education. MedEdPORTAL 15:10801. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Nguyen VH, Spears RD, Warner RL, Joy‐Thomas AR. 2021. Transitioning the anatomy curriculum to an online platform: Lessons learned. J Dent Educ (in press; doi: 10.1002/jdd.12394

With a table of contents and an index, this beautifully designed book would be a great resource for anyone wishing an easily navigable directory of human anatomy. Jones DG. 2021. Anatomy in a post‐Covid‐19 world: Tracing a new trajectory. Anat Sci Educ 14:148–153. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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This book is “curated” by an anatomy professor and an illustrator/tattoo artist, and it is visually stunning. Like others in the Welcome to the Museum series, it is very large, lavishly illustrated and suitable both for learning and browsing. Hafferty FW, O'Brien BC, Tilburt JC. 2020. Beyond high stakes testing: Learner trust, educational commodification, and the loss of medical school professionalism. Acad Med 95:833–837. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Smith A.M., Paxton J.Z., Hung Y.P., Hadley M.J., Bowen J., Williams R.L., Grover L.M. (2015). Nanoscale crystallinity modulates cell proliferation on plasma sprayed surfaces. Materials Science & Engineering C. 48(5-10).