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Punched paper tape was used by the newspaper industry until the mid-1970s or later. Newspapers were typically set in hot lead by devices like Linotype machines. With the wire services coming into a device that would punch paper tape, rather than the Linotype operator having to retype all the incoming stories, the paper tape could be put into a paper tape reader on the Linotype and it would create the lead slugs without the operator re-typing the stories. This also allowed newspapers to use devices, such as the Friden Flexowriter, to convert typing to lead type via tape. Even after the demise of Linotype and hot lead typesetting, many early phototypesetter devices utilized paper tape readers. Once you are experienced, and looking to create the highest quality of feature film animation, 16 field is the better option. Hollerith's Electric Tabulating Machine". Railroad Gazette. 1895-04-19. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20 . Retrieved 2015-06-04– via Library of Congress.
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Perforated paper tapes were first used by Basile Bouchon in 1725 to control looms. However, the paper tapes were expensive to create, fragile, and difficult to repair. By 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard had developed machines to create paper tapes by tying punched cards in a sequence for Jacquard looms. The resulting paper tape, also called a "chain of cards", was stronger and simpler both to create and to repair. This led to the concept of communicating data not as a stream of individual cards, but as one "continuous card" (or tape). Paper tapes constructed from punched cards were widely used throughout the 19th century for controlling looms. Many professional embroidery operations still refer to those individuals who create the designs and machine patterns as punchers even though punched cards and paper tape were eventually phased out in the 1990s. Comrie, Leslie John (1932). "The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to Brown's tables of the moon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 92 (7): 694–707. Bibcode: 1932MNRAS..92..694C. doi: 10.1093/mnras/92.7.694. The tapes the NSA creates contain cryptographic keys or seed values for cryptography algorithms. These were distributed to whoever required them—such as the UK’s General Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)—in tamper-proof plastic containers. You have to destroy the container to remove the tape so it is obvious if the key or seed value is compromised.
Punched card - Wikipedia Punched card - Wikipedia
Razy, Claudius (1913). Étude analytique des petits modèles de métiers exposés au musée des tissus[ Analytical study of small loom models exhibited at the museum of fabrics] (in French). Lyon, France: Musée Historique des Tissus. p.120. In 1931, IBM began introducing upper-case letters and special characters (Powers-Samas had developed the first commercial alphabetic punched card representation in 1921). [56] [57] [nb 1] The 26 letters have two punches (zone [12,11,0] + digit [1–9]). The languages of Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Portugal and Finland require up to three additional letters; their punching is not shown here. [58] :88–90 Most special characters have two or three punches (zone [12,11,0, or none] + digit [2–7] + 8); a few special characters were exceptions: "&" is 12 only, "-" is 11 only, and "/" is 0 + 1). The Space character has no punches. [58] :38 The information represented in a column by a combination of zones [12, 11, 0] and digits [0–9] is dependent on the use of that column. For example, the combination "12-1" is the letter "A" in an alphabetic column, a plus signed digit "1" in a signed numeric column, or an unsigned digit "1" in a column where the "12" has some other use. The introduction of EBCDIC in 1964 defined columns with as many as six punches (zones [12,11,0,8,9] + digit [1–7]). IBM and other manufacturers used many different 80-column card character encodings. [59] [60] A 1969 American National Standard defined the punches for 128 characters and was named the Hollerith Punched Card Code (often referred to simply as Hollerith Card Code), honoring Hollerith. [58] :7 Binary punched card. Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). Building IBM: Shaping and Industry and Its Technology. MIT Press. pp.50–51. ISBN 978-0-262-16147-3. Punched cards, and chains of punched cards, were used for control of looms in the 18th century. Use for telegraphy systems started in 1842. Punched tapes were used throughout the 19th and for much of the 20th centuries for programmable looms, teleprinter communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools. During the Second World War, high-speed punched tape systems using optical readout methods were used in code breaking systems. Punched tape was used to transmit data for manufacture of read-only memory chips.
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Murray, Francis Joseph (1961). "Chapter 6 Punched Cards". Mathematical Machines: Digital Computers. Vol.1. Columbia University Press. (NB. Includes a description of Samas punched cards and illustration of an Underwood Samas punched card.) In the 21st century, use of punched tape would be very rare, possibly in obsolete military systems or by some hobbyists. In computer numerical control (CNC) machining applications, paper tape is uncommon, but some modern systems still measure the size of stored CNC programs in feet or meters, corresponding to the equivalent length if the data were actually punched on paper tape. [3] Formats [ edit ] Diagnostic minicomputer software on fanfold paper tape (1975) Mylar punched tape was used for durability in industrial applications Punched paper tape was used as a computer storage media from the 1950s onward, probably hitting its heyday in the first half of the 1970s. It used long reels of paper tape that had holes punched in them, typically with five or eight holes across the width of the strip. They were about one inch wide (25mm). Each line of holes represented a character or operational code (op-code) in some form of encoding, usually in binary. When the tape was fed through a reader the information on the tape was interpreted by the computer and reassembled into the program or data. Acid-free paper or Mylar tapes can be read many decades after manufacture, in contrast with magnetic tape that can deteriorate and become unreadable with time. The hole patterns of punched tape can be decoded by eye if necessary, and even editing of a tape is possible by manual cutting and splicing. Unlike magnetic tape, magnetic fields such as produced by electric motors cannot alter the punched data. [15] In cryptography applications, a punched tape used to distribute a key can be rapidly and completely destroyed by burning, preventing the key from falling into the hands of an enemy.
Punched tape - CodeDocs Punched tape - CodeDocs
Five- and eight-hole wide punched paper tape Creed model 6S/2 5-hole paper tape reader Paper tape reader on the Harwell computer with a small piece of five-hole tape connected in a circle – creating a physical program loopHow to Succeed At Cards (Film). IBM. 1963. (NB. An account of how IBM Cards are manufactured, with special emphasis on quality control.)
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