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Jarvis, E. D.; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; etal. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (PDF). Science. 346 (#6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346.1320J. doi: 10.1126/science.1253451. hdl: 10072/67425. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2015 . Retrieved August 28, 2015. Banks, Jonathan C.; Mitchell, Anthony D.; Waas, Joseph R. & Paterson, Adrian M. (2002). "An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor) complex" (PDF). Notornis. 49 (#1): 29–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2007. Penguin – Definition". Merriam-Webster. August 31, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved September 8, 2013. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Humboldt Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.

Rafferty, John. "Gentoo Penguin". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 20, 2021. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Adelie Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. They spend about half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea. The largest living species is the emperor penguin ( Aptenodytes forsteri): [6] on average, adults are about 1.1m (3ft 7in) tall and weigh 35kg (77lb). The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 30–33cm (12–13in) tall and weighs 1.2–1.3kg (2.6–2.9lb). [7] Today, larger penguins generally inhabit colder regions, and smaller penguins inhabit regions with temperate or tropical climates. Some prehistoric penguin species were enormous: as tall or heavy as an adult human. There was a great diversity of species in subantarctic regions, and at least one giant species in a region around 2,000km south of the equator 35 mya, during the Late Eocene, a climate decidedly warmer than today. [8] Etymology A group of emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes forsteri) in Antarctica You may be wondering: “If penguins don’t necessarily enjoy interacting with humans, does this mean they hate us?” This is not necessarily true because you’ve probably heard of penguins responding to the love and care of their trainers or zoo managers. a b c Clarke, Julia A.; Olivero, Eduardo B. & Puerta, Pablo (2003). "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18. doi: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:dotefp>2.0.co;2. hdl: 2246/2788. S2CID 19041678. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2007 . Retrieved January 4, 2007.The word penguin first appears in literature at the end of the 16th century. [9] When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their similar appearance to the great auk of the Northern Hemisphere and named them after this bird, although they are not closely related. [10] Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni.

Johnsgard, Paul A. (1987). Diving Birds of North America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-8032-2566-0 . Retrieved May 11, 2010. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 16, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chinstrap Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the king penguins, lay only one. [75] With the exception of the emperor penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties. [76] These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.

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Some wild species of penguins, such as the Tawaki, live in isolation, so if you suddenly show up out of nowhere and approach them, they will feel uncomfortable with your presence. It’s only normal for an animal to react defensively when there’s a potential threat in its environment.