Marching Powder

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Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. If you wanna hang out you’ve got to take her out; cocaine.If you wanna get down, down on the ground; cocaine. She don’t lie, she don’t lie, she don’t lie; cocaine. Grisaffi T. "The Cato Accord: Bolivia's Humane and Effective Approach to Controlling Coca Cultivation" (PDF). ain-bolivia.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017. de Souza MF, Gonçales TA, Steinmetz A, Moura DJ, Saffi J, Gomez R, Barros HM (April 2014). "Cocaine induces DNA damage in distinct brain areas of female rats under different hormonal conditions". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 41 (4): 265–9. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12218. PMID 24552452. S2CID 20849951. Glaser J (2015). Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p.7. ISBN 978-0-19-537040-9 . Retrieved 21 November 2021.

Alvarenga TA, Andersen ML, Ribeiro DA, Araujo P, Hirotsu C, Costa JL, Battisti MC, Tufik S (January 2010). "Single exposure to cocaine or ecstasy induces DNA damage in brain and other organs of mice". Addiction Biology. 15 (1): 96–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00179.x. PMID 19878142. S2CID 21347765. Frazer KM, Richards Q, Keith DR (August 2018). "The long-term effects of cocaine use on cognitive functioning: A systematic critical review". Behavioural Brain Research. 348: 241–262. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.005. PMID 29673580. S2CID 4992738. But in 1970 America became suddenly tougher when the drug was included in the Controlled Substances Act. Prohibition, far from controlling the drug, has coincided with a massive expansion in its use in line with the increasingly self-indulgent lifestyles of the West. While the United States consumes 50% of the world’s cocaine, both Spain and Britain are also major users despite the fact the street price for the drug can be three or four times higher. How a Young Sigmund Freud Researched & Got Addicted to Cocaine, the New "Miracle Drug," in 1894". Open Culture. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Martin RT (October 1970). "The role of coca in the history, religion, and medicine of South American Indians". Economic Botany. 24 (4): 422–438. doi: 10.1007/BF02860746. S2CID 34523519.

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Medicalization "Cocaine toothache drops", 1885 advertisement of cocaine for dental pain in children Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of McClure's Magazine for Burnett's Cocaine "for the hair" Bottle of cocaine solution, Germany, circa 1915 Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs. [118] Chemistry Appearance A pile of cocaine hydrochloride A piece of compressed cocaine powder Uz T, Akhisaroglu M, Ahmed R, Manev H (December 2003). "The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expression in the striatum and for circadian cocaine sensitization in mice". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (12): 2117–23. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300254. PMID 12865893. R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 9th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, California, 2011, pp. 390–394.

See also: Cocaine in the United States Drug overdoses killed more than 70,200 Americans in 2017, with cocaine overdoses making up 13,942 of those deaths. [62] Altman AJ, Albert DM, Fournier GA (1985). "Cocaine's use in ophthalmology: our 100-year heritage". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (4): 300–6. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90153-5. PMID 3885453. A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani, which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2mg per ounce, to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A "pinch of coca leaves" was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe for Coca-Cola, though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. Sigma Receptors Play Role in Cocaine-induced Suppression of Immune System". Sciencedaily.com. 6 May 2003. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2010. World Health Organization (2007). International medical guide for ships. World Health Organization. p.242. ISBN 978-9241547208. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016.a b "Field Listing – Illicit drugs (by country)". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011. Cocaine Market". Havocscope.com. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2010. Analysis of the correlation between the use of 18 various psychoactive substances shows that cocaine use correlates with other " party drugs" (such as ecstasy or amphetamines), as well as with heroin and benzodiazepines use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs. [46] Coca leaves Dwyer C, Sowerby L, Rotenberg BW (August 2016). "Is cocaine a safe topical agent for use during endoscopic sinus surgery?". The Laryngoscope (Review). 126 (8): 1721–1723. doi: 10.1002/lary.25836. PMID 27075241. Cocaine: Seizures, 1998–2003" (PDF). World Drug Report 2006. Vol.2. New York: United Nations. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2007.

In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6minutes. [52] Any damage to the inside of the nose is due to cocaine constricting blood vessels — and therefore restricting blood and oxygen/nutrient flow — to that area. When the Spanish arrived in South America, the conquistadors at first banned coca as an "evil agent of devil". But after discovering that without the coca the locals were barely able to work, the conquistadors legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of each crop. [161] In 1569, Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes described the indigenous peoples' practice of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce "great contentment":

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Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016". World Drug Report 2018. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018. Misuse of Drugs Act 1981" (PDF). Slp.wa.gov.au. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. In 1863 a chemist marketed a wine called Vin Mariani which was treated with coca leaves, establishing for the first time the potent combination of alcohol and cocaine. So successful was it that he was awarded a Vatican gold medal. Cocaine Seized Worldwide Highest Ever in 2011". Flare Network (Flarenetwork.org). 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014. World annual cocaine consumption, as of 2000, stood at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150t or 25%. [218] It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010, down from 2.4 million in 2006. [12] Conversely, cocaine use appears to be increasing [ when?] in Europe with the highest prevalences in Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ireland. [12]