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BBC – Tom Fordyce: Why are New Zealand so good at rugby?". Archived from the original on 12 August 2021 . Retrieved 28 July 2020. Francis Peabody Magoun. (1938) History of football from the beginnings to 1871. p.27. Retrieved 2010-02-09.

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The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on 6 November 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time. During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code. FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before". FIFA. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2009. Guttmann, Allen; Thompson, Lee Austin (2001). Japanese sports: a history. University of Hawaii Press. pp.26–27. ISBN 978-0-8248-2464-8. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 8 July 2010. IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run. Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. pp.41–43. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 July 2018.a b Bale, J. (2002). Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. p.43. ISBN 978-0-419-25230-6. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 July 2018. NZ Football – The Local Name of the Global Game". NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. The international game is called football and we're part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football Apart from Rugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school's playing fields. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see Surviving UK school games below). Although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects, Sepak takraw has ancient origins and cannot be considered a hybrid game. See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Irish and Australian International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Series between Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome, Melbourne, Australia

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John Hope, Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope, WS, and some Hope Correspondence 1787–1886 (National Archives of Scotland, GD253/183)Allaway, Roger (2001). "Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not?". The USA Soccer History Archives. Dave Litterer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2007. No Christian End! The Beginnings of Football in America" (PDF). The Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. A daily recap of top performers, scores and statistical highlights, straight to your inbox! 2023 Advanced Stats During the early 19th century, most working-class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Feast day football played on the streets was in decline. Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules.

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FIFA.com. "History of Football – The Origins". Archived from the original on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017. In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in Ireland, especially in County Kerry. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. English public schools were the first to codify football games. In particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late 18th century. [58] In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during between 1810 and 1850. [58] The first known codes – in the sense of a set of rules – were those of Eton in 1815 [59] and Aldenham in 1825. [59]) Thanks must go to the team behind the team - everyone at Walker Books with extra special thanks to Laurelie Bazin and Faith Leung (for her expert colouring in!)Rugby Football History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 November 2019. In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. [128] Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared – and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification – the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future.

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a b "Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside" " (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015.Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters, Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021 . Retrieved 23 September 2020.