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Lycianthes acapulcensis may be confused with L. ciliolata Bitter and L. rzedowskii. It is separated from those

Calyx glabrous or pubescent, the calyx appendages often2 mm long or more in flower, 3 mm long or more in fruit; plants glabrous to densely pubescent, the trichomes often at least 1 mm long; mature berry orange to red; greater than or less than 1000 m in elevation Calyx appendages less than 2 mm long, or reduced to small protuberances, the calyx sometimes tearing, appearing lobed or two-lipped; berry ovoid, orange Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics,PMLR 2:259-266,2007. Filament of the longest stamen usually more than twice as long as those of the lateral stamens; pores of the anther of the longest stamen lateral, dehiscing toward the style, usually narrow and linear; stigmas usually deeply bilobed (rarely just capitate); widespread species of the transvolcanic belt, southern Mexico and Central America

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Upper dichasial branches usually forming a continuous, sinuous axis; epidermis dark brown, often longitudinally wrinkled upon drying; multangulate-stellate trichomes usually with 3–6 rays per whorl, the area where they join just slightly enlarged and not particularly spherical; corolla white, entire to shallowly stellate in outline; away from immediate coast of Mexico and Central America, (500) 900–2500 m in elevation

Seed shape terminology used in this paper is taken from Radford et al. (1974); seed surface terminology is taken from Gunn and Gaffney (1974). The seeds of 15 of the species covered in this paper have been illustrated in previous publications ( Barboza and Hunziker 1992; Dean 2004; Dean et al. 2007, 2017a, b, 2019b). Most Lycianthes species covered in this paper have compressed seeds, usually lenticular (completely flattened). A minority of species have seeds that are not compressed at all. This includes some of the species in series Meizonodonatae ( L. acapulcensis, L. ciliolata, L. peduncularis, L. rzedowskii) and L. rantonnetii. Others are compressed but not lenticular (e.g. L. dejecta, L. moziniana, L. pringlei, L. textitlaniana). As outlined in the overview van der Laan, Pollard and Bryan (2003), clustering methods are described by three major components: the distance measure, the grouping criteria, and the algorithm. The authors in this paper present treelets in terms of a correlation distance matrix, while we have argued for algorithms which allow arbitrary distance metrics since different applications can require different uses of the notion of proximity. Though they elude that other distance measures can be applied, all theory and simulation is presented and proven using a covariance or correlation measure of similarity. When alternate distance measures are used the benefit of using this method over other clustering methods seems questionable, and the final interpretation of the multi-resolution basis is unclear.At least some trichomes on leaves, stems, and calyx yellow, orange, or brown, sometimes mixed with tan trichomes Morphological revisions have been completed on five of Bitter’s Lycianthes sections or series. These are series Meizonodontae Bitter ( Dean 1995, 2004), series Microlobae Bitter ( Dean et al. 2007), section Synantheroides Bitter ( Reyes Cornejo 2015), series Tricolores Bitter ( Dean et al. 2017a, 2018c), and series Piliferae Bitter ( Dean et al. 2019b). Phylogenetic analyses using morphological characters have been completed by Dean (1995) for series Meizonodontae and Reyes Cornejo (2015) for section Synantheroides. The published work based on morphology indicates that the species united by the sections and series proposed by Bitter may be closely related in a least two groups (series Meizonodontae and series Tricolores), while other groups (series Piliferae and section Synantheroides) contain a mixture of closely and distantly related species.

The treelet method is applicable given any agglomerative hierarchical algorithm. However, the graph is solely built on the similarity between two variables. This does not take advantage of all information present in the data. Clustering algorithms have advanced beyond simple similarity measures and use informative measures such as the Mean Silhouette [ Kaufman and Rousseeuw (1990)], the Median Silhouette, or the Split Mean/Median Silhouette [ van der Laan, Pollard and Bryan (2003)]. Each of these grouping criteria reflects how similar variables are in relation to how dissimilar they are from others.Trichomes along midvein on abaxial leaf blade surface bent to wavy, appearing woolly; pedicels in flower 9–15 mm long, in fruit 12–20 mm long; corolla 1–1.2 cm long, nearly glabrous abaxially except for sparse hairs near the lobe tip; endemic to Mexico (northern state of Veracruz to Querétaro) Calyx up to 1.5 mm long; corolla 0.6–1.2 cm long; anthers 3–3.5 mm long; endemic to Mexico (states of Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz), usually over 800 m in elevation