The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857

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Daniyal, Shoaib. "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022 . Retrieved 30 April 2016. Irfan Habib; Dharma Kumar; Tapan Raychaudhuri (1987). The Cambridge Economic History of India (PDF). Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. p.464. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017.

Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess. [51] His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. [59] During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal.The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. [43] His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. [60]

These are just a few stories among many, of India’s dying royalty.

The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century, [127] and is still used in India through to the present day. [134] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. [135] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. [136] a b Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp.158–, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7, archived from the original on 22 September 2023 , retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture." a b József Böröcz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p.21. ISBN 978-1-135-25580-0 . Retrieved 26 June 2017. Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8. The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs. [97] Courts of law

Richards, J.F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 23 (2): 285–308. doi: 10.1017/s0010417500013311. JSTOR 178737. S2CID 154809724. The paradise of nations". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016. Copland, Ian; Mabbett, Ian; Roy, Asim; etal. (2013). A History of State and Religion in India. Routledge. p.119. ISBN 978-1-136-45950-4. Michael, Bernardo A. (2012). Statemaking and Territory in South Asia. Anthem Press. p.69, 75, 77-78. doi: 10.7135/upo9780857285324.005. ISBN 978-0-85728-532-4.Lakwete, Angela (2003). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.1–6. ISBN 978-0-8018-7394-2. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2017. a b c d Richards, John F. (2003). The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. University of California Press. pp.27–. ISBN 978-0-520-93935-6. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 9 August 2017. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. The last emperor was also known to his familiars as Zafar - the pen name he used when writing poetry - a word which means "victory" and which could scarcely have been less appropriate, given that it was attached to one of history's great losers. For he died five years after the mutiny, in faraway Burma, a frail 87-year-old who was spoon-fed on broth by the handful of family and retainers he had been allowed to take with him into exile. He had been banished not so much for what he did during the mutiny as for what he represented to the mutineers - Hindus as well as Muslims - who regarded him as the touchstone of an old and deeply rooted way of life which the Victorian Evangelicals, who dominated the making and execution of British policy, were determined to replace with the prejudices and habits of muscular Christianity. To them it was vital that Zafar should be put down, precisely because, having a Hindu mother, he appealed to both sides of India's own great religious division. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp.186–, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7, archived from the original on 22 September 2023 , retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."