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Monthly Milk Quota Exchange". Canadian Dairy Information Centre. 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2018. Milk is extracted from the cow's udder by flexible rubber sheaths known as liners or inflations that are surrounded by a rigid air chamber. A pulsating flow of ambient air and vacuum is applied to the inflation's air chamber during the milking process. When ambient air is allowed to enter the chamber, the vacuum inside the inflation causes the inflation to collapse around the cow's teat, squeezing the milk out of teat in a similar fashion as a baby calf's mouth massaging the teat. When the vacuum is reapplied in the chamber the flexible rubber inflation relaxes and opens up, preparing for the next squeezing cycle. Kehoe, S. I.; Jayarao, B. M.; Heinrichs (2007). "A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms". Journal of Dairy Science. 90 (9): 4108–16. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0040. PMID 17699028. Mussell, Al (May 2016). "Understanding the Dynamics of Milk Pricing and Revenue in a Time of Change" (PDF). Independent Agri-Food Policy Note. Guelph, Ontario: Agri-Food Economic Systems Newsletter . Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Milk production is irregular, depending on cow biology. Producers must adjust the mix of milk which is sold in liquid form vs. processed foods (such as butter and cheese) depending on changing supply and demand. [4] Milk supply contracts [ edit ] A consistent milking routine helps reduce the risk of mastitis spreading. Routines vary between farms, parlour types and different systems, but once cows are in the parlour, the main aim is to put clusters on clean, dry teats. Wash the teats, then wipe them dry with a clean dry cloth or towel. Only use single-use towels to avoid bacteria transferring between cows.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/milk-cost-of-production-estimates.aspx#.U16jc4FdWXk , USDA Economic Research Service. (2013). Milk Cost-of-Production Estimates-2010 Base.
As herd sizes increased a door was set into the front of each bail so that when the milking was done for any cow the milker could, after undoing the leg-rope and with a remote link, open the door and allow her to exit to the pasture. The door was closed, the next cow walked into the bail and was secured. When milking machines were introduced bails were set in pairs so that a cow was being milked in one paired bail while the other could be prepared for milking. When one was finished the machine's cups are swapped to the other cow. This is the same as for Swingover Milking Parlours as described below except that the cups are loaded on the udder from the side. As herd numbers increased it was easier to double-up the cup-sets and milk both cows simultaneously than to increase the number of bails. About 50 cows an hour can be milked in a shed with 8 bails by one person. Using the same teat cups for successive cows has the danger of transmitting infection, mastitis, from one cow to another. Some farmers have devised their own ways to disinfect the clusters between cows. David J. Wolfson (1996). Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production. Animal L., 2, 123. http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/bibarticles/wolfson_beyond.pd [ permanent dead link] Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes". International Journal of Biometeorology. 54 (6): 617–627. doi: 10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4. PMID 19458966. S2CID 10134761.Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020). "Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?". Climatic Change. 161 (4): 637–652. Bibcode: 2020ClCh..161..637R. doi: 10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4. S2CID 214783104. Advances in technology have mostly led to the radical redefinition of "family farms" in industrialized countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. With farms of hundreds of cows producing large volumes of milk, the larger and more efficient dairy farms are more able to weather severe changes in milk price and operate profitably, while "traditional" family farms generally do not have the equity or income other larger scale farms do. The common public perception of large corporate farms supplanting smaller ones is generally a misconception, as many small family farms expand to take advantage of economies of scale, and incorporate the business to limit the legal liabilities of the owners and simplify such things as tax management. [ citation needed] Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including India, the United States, China, and New Zealand serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being produced in 2017 according to the FAO. a b Invited review: the welfare of dairy cattle—Key conceptsand the role of science. M.A.G. von Keyserlingk, J. Rushen, A.M. de Passillé, and D.M. Weary. J. Dairy Sci. 92 :4101–4111. Plants producing liquid milk and products with short shelf life, such as yogurts, creams and soft cheeses, tend to be located on the outskirts of urban centres close to consumer markets. Plants manufacturing items with longer shelf life, such as butter, milk powders, cheese and whey powders, tend to be situated in rural areas closer to the milk supply. Most large processing plants tend to specialise in a limited range of products. Exceptionally, however, large plants producing a wide range of products are still common in Eastern Europe, a holdover from the former centralised, supply-driven concept of the market under Communist governments. [9]
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