4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

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A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano Hinton, Edward; Hogg, Andrew; Huppert, Herbert (2020). "Viscous free-surface flows past cylinders". Physical Review Fluids. 5 (84101): 084101. Bibcode: 2020PhRvF...5h4101H. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.084101. hdl: 1983/f52f7078-5936-4e37-9d79-be456f08eb5c. S2CID 225416948.

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A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. Aldred, Cyril (December 1955). "A Statue of King Neferkarē c Ramesses IX". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 41 (1): 3–8. doi: 10.1177/030751335504100102. S2CID 192232554. Gattacceca, Jérôme; Hewins, Roger H.; Lorand, Jean-Pierre; Rochette, Pierre; Lagroix, France; Cournède, Cécile; Uehara, Minoru; Pont, Sylvain; Sautter, Violaine; Scorzelli, Rosa. B.; Hombourger, Chrystel; Munayco, Pablo; Zanda, Brigitte; Chennaoui, Hasnaa; Ferrière, Ludovic (October 2013). "Opaque minerals, magnetic properties, and paleomagnetism of the Tissint Martian meteorite". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 48 (10): 1919–1936. Bibcode: 2013M&PS...48.1919G. doi: 10.1111/maps.12172. Burgi, P.-Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, D.; Eymold, W. K. (May 2014). "Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake: DYNAMICS OF THE MT. NYIRAGONGO LAVA LAKE". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (5): 4106–4122. doi: 10.1002/2013JB010895.a b c Harlov, D.E.; etal. (2002). "Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden". Chemical Geology. 191 (1–3): 47–72. Bibcode: 2002ChGeo.191...47H. doi: 10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00148-1. Kennedy, W. Q. (1 March 1933). "Trends of differentiation in basaltic magmas". American Journal of Science. s5-25 (147): 239–256. Bibcode: 1933AmJS...25..239K. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s5-25.147.239. Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also carbon dioxide. Explosively erupted pyroclastic material is called tephra and includes tuff, agglomerate and ignimbrite. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas. [16] Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S. C., eds. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary. Vol.13 (2nded.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.873.

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Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of continental rifting, areas overlying deeply subducted plates, or at intraplate hotspots. [27] Their silica content can range from ultramafic ( nephelinites, basanites and tephrites) to felsic ( trachytes). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas. [28] Olivine nephelinite lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the mantle of the Earth than other lavas. [29] Examples of lava compositions (wt%) [30] Component

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As the national geological survey, we are the UK’s premier provider of objective and authoritative scientific data, information and knowledge to help society understand our Earth. Lillie, Robert J. (2005). Parks and plates: the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores (1sted.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-92407-7.

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Types and Processes Gallery: Lava Flows". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2015. Roobaert, Arlette (1996). "A Neo-Assyrian Statue from Til Barsib". Iraq. 58: 79–87. doi: 10.2307/4200420. JSTOR 4200420.

Pinkerton, H.; Bagdassarov, N. (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 132 (2–3): 115–136. Bibcode: 2004JVGR..132..115B. doi: 10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x. Anderson, J. L. (1987). "Geologic map of the Goldendale 15' quadrangle, Washington" (PDF). Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report. 87–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2020. Yardley, Bruce W. D.; Cleverley, James S. (2015). "The role of metamorphic fluids in the formation of ore deposits". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 393 (1): 117–134. Bibcode: 2015GSLSP.393..117Y. doi: 10.1144/SP393.5. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 130626915. Renne, P. R.; Basu, A. R. (12 July 1991). "Rapid Eruption of the Siberian Traps Flood Basalts at the Permo-Triassic Boundary". Science. 253 (5016): 176–179. Bibcode: 1991Sci...253..176R. doi: 10.1126/science.253.5016.176. PMID 17779134. S2CID 6374682. Condie, Kent C. (1997). "Tectonic settings". Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution. pp.69–109. doi: 10.1016/B978-075063386-4/50003-3. ISBN 978-0-7506-3386-4.

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a b Keszthelyi, Laszlo; Jaeger, Windy; Milazzo, Moses; Radebaugh, Jani; Davies, Ashley Gerard; Mitchell, Karl L. (December 2007). "New estimates for Io eruption temperatures: Implications for the interior". Icarus. 192 (2): 491–502. Bibcode: 2007Icar..192..491K. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.008. Levin, Harold L. (2010). The earth through time (9thed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0. A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the entablature, while the lower part that shows columnar jointing is called the colonnade. (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as chisel marks. Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing. [48]

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In the feldspars the center is usually richer in calcium than the surrounding layers, and successive zones may often be noted, each less calcic than those within it. Phenocrysts of quartz (and of other minerals), instead of sharp, perfect crystalline faces, may show rounded corroded surfaces, with the points blunted and irregular tongue-like projections of the matrix into the substance of the crystal. It is clear that after the mineral had crystallized it was partly again dissolved or corroded at some period before the matrix solidified. [10] Volcanic glass may be present, particularly as rinds on rapidly chilled surfaces of lava flows, and is commonly (but not exclusively) associated with underwater eruptions. [79] The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow. [55] Young, Davis A. (2003). Mind over magma: the story of igneous petrology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10279-5.