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Celebrate National Trivia Day with These 35 Fun Facts". 27 December 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 . Retrieved 30 December 2020. There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine. Over the course of the later Empire, wine production gradually shifted to the east as Roman infrastructure and influence in the western regions gradually diminished. Production in Asia Minor, the Aegean and the Near East flourished through Late Antiquity and the Byzantine era. [20]
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Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2014. a b Ellsworth, Amy (18 July 2012). "7,000 Year-old Wine Jar". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. German Wine Guide: Wine Laws and Classifications". The Winedoctor. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2007. The use of wine in ancient Near Eastern and Ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies was common. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state.UK tops world wine imports table". BBC. 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2009. Jellinek, E. M. 1976. "Drinkers and Alcoholics in Ancient Rome." Edited by Carole D. Yawney and Robert E. Popham. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 37 (11): 1718-1740. In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates in the Gospel account of the Last Supper ( Gospel of Luke 22:19) describing Jesus sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted). The oldest fossil proto-wines without grapes were found in China, in 7000 BC, [1] and evidence of ancient wine production has been found in Georgia from c. 6000 BC (the earliest known traces of grape wine), [1] [2] Iran from c. 5000 BC, [3] Greece from c. 4500 BC, [4] [5] Armenia from c. 4100 BC (large-scale production), [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] and Sicily from c. 4000 BC. [12]
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Jancis Robinson (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rded.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2. See alcoholic strength at p. 10. The Roman Wine of Speyer: The oldest Wine of the World that's still liquid". Deutsches Weininstitut. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014. Wine is a popular and important drink that accompanies and enhances a wide range of cuisines, from the simple and traditional stews to the most sophisticated and complex haute cuisines. Wine is often served with dinner. Sweet dessert wines may be served with the dessert course. In fine restaurants in Western countries, wine typically accompanies dinner. At a restaurant, patrons are helped to make good food-wine pairings by the restaurant's sommelier or wine waiter. Individuals dining at home may use wine guides to help make food–wine pairings. Wine is also drunk without the accompaniment of a meal in wine bars or with a selection of cheeses (at a wine and cheese party). Wines are also used as a theme for organizing various events such as festivals around the world; the city of Kuopio in North Savonia, Finland is known for its annual Kuopio Wine Festivals ( Kuopion viinijuhlat). [117] Wine was imported again when trade with the west was restored under the Tang dynasty, but it remained mostly imperial fare and it was not until the Song that its consumption spread among the gentry. [50] Marco Polo's 14th-century account noted the continuing preference for rice wines continuing in Yuan China. [50] Ancient Egypt [ edit ] Grape cultivation, winemaking, and commerce in ancient Egypt c. 1500 BC Egyptian wine jars, 6th-4th century BCGocha R. Tsetskhladze, ed. (1999). Ancient Greeks West and East. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p.429. ISBN 90-04-11190-5. OCLC 41320191. Today, wine in the Americas is often associated with Argentina, California and Chile all of which produce a wide variety of wines, from inexpensive jug wines to high-quality varietals and proprietary blends. Most of the wine production in the Americas is based on Old World grape varieties, and wine-growing regions there have often "adopted" grapes that have become particularly closely identified with them. California's Zinfandel (from Croatia and Southern Italy), Argentina's Malbec, and Chile's Carmenère (both from France) are well-known examples. Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species Vitis vinifera, such as Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as minimums of 75% to 85%), the result is a " varietal" as opposed to a "blended" wine. Blended wines are not necessarily inferior to varietal wines, rather they are a different style of wine-making. [77]
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a b c DODD, EMLYN K. (2020). ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum. [Place of publication not identified]: ARCHAEOPRESS. ISBN 978-1-78969-403-1. OCLC 1139263254.Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. "Wine scandals" that have received media attention include:
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The earliest known traces of wine are from Georgia ( c. 6000 BCE), [3] [2] Iran ( Persia) ( c. 5000 BCE), [9] [10] Armenia ( c. 4100 BCE), [11] and Sicily ( c. 4000 BCE). [12] Wine reached the Balkans by 4500BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects. [13] [14] [15]Much of modern wine culture derives from the practices of the ancient Greeks. The vine preceded both the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures. [18] [36] Many of the grapes grown in modern Greece are grown there exclusively and are similar or identical to the varieties grown in ancient times. Indeed, the most popular modern Greek wine, a strongly aromatic white called retsina, is thought to be a carryover from the ancient practice of lining the wine jugs with tree resin, imparting a distinct flavor to the drink. Perra, Mauro; Marinval, Philippe; Fonzo, Ornella; Garnier, Nicolas (2015). "La Tomba di Giganti del nuraghe Arrubiu di Orroli (CA), o "La Tomba della Spada" ". Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 August 2018– via academia.edu. Dry (low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice, however sweet white wines such as Moscato d'Asti are also made. Main article: Ancient Greece and wine Dionysus in a vineyard; amphora dated to the late 6th century BC Sparkling wine, made from both green and blue grapes. Champagne is made from pinot noir, pinot meunier and chardonnay around Reims.
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