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represents the fraction of j in the diet of i. That is, the consumer trophic level is one plus the weighted average of how much different trophic levels contribute to its food. A food web is all the food chains that make up an ecosystem from producers to consumers to top predators. But here's a question. What happens to the energy and minerals in the top predator? Is it the end of the story? Well no.

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Consumers (heterotrophs) are species that cannot manufacture their own food and need to consume other organisms. Animals that eat primary producers (like plants) are called herbivores. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores, and animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores. Organisms that use chemosynthesis live in extreme environments, where the toxic chemicals needed for oxidation are found. For example, bacteria living in active volcanoes oxidize sulfur to produce their own food. At Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, bacteria capable of chemosynthesis have been found in hot springs. Simplified microbial food web in the sunlit ocean by Anders et al. is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0. Left side: classic description of the carbon flow from photosynthetic algae to grazers and higher trophic levels in the food chain. Right side: microbial loop, with bacteria using dissolved organic carbon to gain biomass, which then re-enters the classic carbon flow through protists. Based on DeLong & Karl (2005).Autotrophic bacteria that produce food through chemosynthesis have also been found at places on the seafloor called cold seeps. At cold seeps, hydrogen sulfide and methane seep up from beneath the seafloor and mix with the ocean water and dissolved carbon dioxide. The autotrophic bacteria oxidize these chemicals to produce energy. Trophic levels can be represented by numbers, starting at level 1 with plants. Further trophic levels are numbered subsequently according to how far the organism is along the food chain. After this might be a tertiary consumer (which eats a secondary consumer) and possibly a quaternary consumer (which eats a tertiary consumer), but not in this example. Some rare autotrophs produce food through a process called chemosynthesis, rather than through photosynthesis. Autotrophs that perform chemosynthesis do not use energy from the sun to produce food. Instead, they make food using energy from chemical reactions, often combining hydrogen sulfide or methane with oxygen.

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So we can see how the energy from the Sun is converted by plants then moves up the food chain to the top predator. These are some plants and animals you might be more familiar with. Scientist use the term "double helix" to describe DNA's winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape - which looks much like a twisted ladder - gives DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision. Food chains do not accurately describe most ecosystems. Even when all organisms are grouped into appropriate trophic levels, some of these organisms can feed on species from more than one trophic level; likewise, some of these organisms can be eaten by species from multiple trophic levels. In other words, the linear model of ecosystems, the food chain, is not completely descriptive of ecosystem structure. A holistic model—which accounts for all the interactions between different species and their complex interconnected relationships with each other and with the environment—is a more accurate and descriptive model for ecosystems. A food web is a graphic representation of a holistic, nonlinear web of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics (Figure 1). Both food chains and food webs are similar to each other, but they are not the same. We will explore the differences here.

Organisms that can synthesize their own food and usually serve as the foundation for all food chains. For example – plants, algae and few species of bacteria. They prepare their own food by converting sunlight into chemical energy and this process is called photosynthesis. They use energy from the sunlight for converting carbon dioxide into simple glucose which is easily broken down to produce energy. This energy is then stored in the form of sugars for later use. In the past, mercury compounds were used to make insecticides (substances that kill the insects that damage crops), and special paints that stop barnacles growing on the hulls of ships. Well, green plants convert the Sun's rays into energy through a process called photosynthesis. Almost all food chains begin with a green plant.