Marching Powder

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Proebstl L, Kamp F, Manz K, Krause D, Adorjan K, Pogarell O, etal. (June 2019). "Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies". European Psychiatry. 59: 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003. PMID 30981746. In 1856, Friedrich Wöhler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859, the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a PhD student at the University of Göttingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process. [165] Apple Sanity – Fetish – Blow: War on Drugs VS. Cocaine". Applesanity.com. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2011. Monardes N, Frampton J (1925). Joyfull Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde. New York: Alfred Knopf.

To link to this term in a wiki such as Wikipedia, insert the following. [http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/marching-powder marching powder]Topical cocaine is sometimes used as a local numbing agent and vasoconstrictor to help control pain and bleeding with surgery of the nose, mouth, throat or lacrimal duct. Although some absorption and systemic effects may occur, the use of cocaine as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstrictor is generally safe, rarely causing cardiovascular toxicity, glaucoma, and pupil dilation. [37] [38] Occasionally, cocaine is mixed with adrenaline and sodium bicarbonate and used topically for surgery, a formulation called Moffett's solution. [39] a b c d e f Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi: 10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655. Popularization Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hip flask of the coca-treated Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani. [172] a b Zhao W (2008). Mechanisms Mediating Sex Differences in the Effects of Cocaine. University of Michigan. p.3. ISBN 978-0-549-99458-9. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2012. NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., DXM, ketamine, methoxetamine, nitrous oxide, phencyclidine, inhalants)

a) Willstatter R (1903). "Synthese der Ecgoninsäure" [Synthesis of Tropine]. Liebigs Ann. (in German). 326 (1–2): 23. doi: 10.1002/jlac.19033260105. (b) Robinson RJ (1917). "LXIII. A synthesis of tropinone". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 111: 762–768. doi: 10.1039/CT9171100762. (c) Schopf C, Lehman G (1935). "Die Synthese des Tropinons, Pseudopelletierins, Lobelanins und verwandter Alkaloide unter physiologischen Bedingungen" [The synthesis of tropinone, pseudopelletierin, lobelanin and related alkaloids under physiological conditions]. Liebigs Ann. (in German). 518: 1–37. doi: 10.1002/jlac.19355180102. Narcotic drug addiction". American Medicine. American-Medicine Publishing Company: 799. November 1915. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 April 2018.Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test. [146] [147] Cocaine Seized Worldwide Highest Ever in 2011". Flare Network (Flarenetwork.org). 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014. a b c "Numbrino – cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution". DailyMed. 28 February 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2020. Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 142: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population, but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. [192] The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord. [193] In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only.

Wise RA, Robble MA (January 2020). "Dopamine and Addiction". Annual Review of Psychology. 71 (1): 79–106. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337. PMID 31905114. InterAndean Institute of Coca Sciences". www.cienciadelacoca.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.

Experience Vin Mariani today | Grupo Mariani S.A". Cocanaturally.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011. Treatment with contingency management, such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine. [156] Vaccine Gullapalli BT, Natarajan A, Angarita GA, Malison RT, Ganesan D, Rahman T (21 June 2019). "On-body Sensing of Cocaine Craving, Euphoria and Drug-Seeking Behavior Using Cardiac and Respiratory Signals". Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies. 3 (2): 1–31. doi: 10.1145/3328917. S2CID 195357215. Nasal insufflation (known colloquially as "snorting", "sniffing", or "blowing") is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine. [50] The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the nasal passages. Cocaine's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because cocaine's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose. [12] Insufflation of cocaine also leads to the longest duration of its effects (60–90 minutes). [12] When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60% [51] Gay GR, Inaba DS, Sheppard CW, Newmeyer JA (1975). "Cocaine: history, epidemiology, human pharmacology, and treatment. a perspective on a new debut for an old girl". Clinical Toxicology. 8 (2): 149–78. doi: 10.3109/15563657508988061. PMID 1097168.

Cocaine is known to suppress hunger and appetite by increasing co-localization of sigma σ 1R receptors and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors at the neuronal cell surface, thereby increasing ghrelin-mediated signaling of satiety [116] and possibly via other effects on appetitive hormones. [117] Chronic users may lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. Hemscheidt T, Vederas JC (2000). Leeper FJ, Vederas JC (eds.). "Tropane and Related Alkaloids". Top. Curr. Chem. Topics in Current Chemistry. 209: 175. doi: 10.1007/3-540-48146-X. ISBN 978-3-540-66573-1. Ambre J, Ruo TI, Nelson J, Belknap S (November 1988). "Urinary excretion of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester in humans". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 12 (6): 301–6. doi: 10.1093/jat/12.6.301. PMID 3244269. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. [186] Leete E, Bjorklund JA, Kim SH (1988). "The biosynthesis of the benzoyl moiety of cocaine". Phytochemistry. 27 (8): 2553–2556. Bibcode: 1988PChem..27.2553L. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)87026-2.Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. Your brain at this moment is composed of brigades of tiny Bolivian soldiers. They are tired and muddy from their long march through the night. There are holes in their boots and they are hungry. They need to be fed. They need the Bolivian Marching Powder. Peru Overtakes Colombia as Top Cocaine Producer". NBC News. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Breve F, Varrassi G (April 2021). "Cocaine and Cardiotoxicity: A Literature Review". Cureus. 13 (4): e14594. doi: 10.7759/cureus.14594. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 8136464. PMID 34036012. Cocaine affects certain serotonin (5-HT) receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT 3 receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT 3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT 3's role is unclear. [107] The 5-HT 2 receptor (particularly the subtypes 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 2B and 5-HT 2C) are involved in the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. [108]