Tobar Rainbow Humming Top Traditional Spinning Toy

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Fjeldså, J.; Heynen, I. (1999). Genus Oreotrochilus. In: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal. eds. (1999). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. pp.623–624. ISBN 84-87334-25-3. a b McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, Douglas L. (2008). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi: 10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x. ISSN 0021-8375. S2CID 1918245. Modern tops have several sophisticated improvements, such as ball bearings of ruby or a hard ceramic like tungsten carbide, that reduces the friction with the ground surface. Functional art tops have become collectibles built using varied techniques in metal-working, glass-working, and wood-working. Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

Bleiweiss, Robert; Kirsch, John A. W.; Matheus, Juan Carlos (1999). "DNA-DNA hybridization evidence for subfamily structure among hummingbirds" (PDF). Auk. 111 (1): 8–19. doi: 10.2307/4088500. JSTOR 4088500.A traditional children’s toy , this spinning top toy is easy to use: just pump the handle and watch and listen as the humming noise builds and builds! The humming top will make a fantastic addition to any nursery, toy box or playroom.

History [ edit ] Ancient Roman wooden spinning top, from Tebtynis (Egypt), dating from the 1st–3rd century CE Origins [ edit ] Perception of sweetness in nectar evolved in hummingbirds during their genetic divergence from insectivorous swifts, their closest bird relatives. [197] Although the only known sweet sensory receptor, called T1R2, [198] is absent in birds, receptor expression studies showed that hummingbirds adapted a carbohydrate receptor from the T1R1- T1R3 receptor, identical to the one perceived as umami in humans, essentially repurposing it to function as a nectar sweetness receptor. [197] This adaptation for taste enabled hummingbirds to detect and exploit sweet nectar as an energy source, facilitating their distribution across geographical regions where nectar-bearing flowers are available. [197] Tongue as a micropump [ edit ] Drawing of a hummingbird tongue; 1874, unknown artist. Upon reaching nectar in a flower, the tongue splits into opposing tips fringed with lamellae and grooves, which fill with nectar, then retracts to a cylindrical configuration into the bill to complete the drink. [199] [200] Female hummingbirds tend to be larger, requiring more energy, with longer beaks that allow for more effective reach into crevices of tall flowers for nectar. [66] Thus, females are better at foraging, acquiring flower nectar, and supporting the energy demands of their larger body size. [66] Directional selection thus favors the larger hummingbirds in terms of acquiring food. [64] The high metabolic rate of hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of thermoregulation for heat dissipation, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. [104] Hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by evaporation through exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings ( patagia), and feet. [105] [106] White granulated sugar is used in hummingbird feeders in a 20% concentration as a common recipe, [207] although hummingbirds will defend feeders more aggressively when sugar content is at 35%, indicating preference for nectar with higher sugar content. [208] Organic and "raw" sugars contain iron, which can be harmful, [209] and brown sugar, agave syrup, molasses, and artificial sweeteners also should not be used. [210] Honey is made by bees from the nectar of flowers, but it is not good to use in feeders because when it is diluted with water, microorganisms easily grow in it, causing it to spoil rapidly. [211] [212] [213]Maxwell took this a step further by using a circular scale around the rim with which to measure the ratios of the primaries, choosing vermilion, emerald, and ultramarine. [4] Spinning methods [ edit ] Finger twirling [ edit ] Dozens of hummingbird species live year-round in tropical mountain habitats at high altitudes, such as in the Andes over ranges of 1,500 metres (4,900ft) to 5,200 metres (17,100ft) where the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is reduced, a condition of hypoxic challenge for the high metabolic demands of hummingbirds. [113] [114] [115] In Andean hummingbirds living at high elevations, researchers found that the oxygen-carrying protein in blood – hemoglobin – had increased oxygen- binding affinity, and that this adaptive effect likely resulted from evolutionary mutations within the hemoglobin molecule via specific amino acid changes due to natural selection. [113] [114] [116] Adaptation to winter [ edit ] Hummingbird kidneys also have a unique ability to control the levels of electrolytes after consuming nectars with high amounts of sodium and chloride or none, indicating that kidney and glomerular structures must be highly specialized for variations in nectar mineral quality. [111] Morphological studies on Anna's hummingbird kidneys showed adaptations of high capillary density in close proximity to nephrons, allowing for precise regulation of water and electrolytes. [110] [112] Hemoglobin adaptation to altitude [ edit ] A map of the hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284 species – shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago. [42] Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the topazes, hermits, mangoes, brilliants, coquettes, the giant hummingbird, mountaingems, bees, and emeralds – defining their relationship to nectar-bearing flowering plants which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas. [8] [43] [44]

Spin The Magic' revealed as Junior Eurovision 2022 theme". junioreurovision.tv. 2022-09-26 . Retrieved 2022-09-26. The average lifespan of a ruby-throated hummingbird is estimated to be 3-5 years, with most deaths occurring in yearlings, [22] although one banded ruby-throated hummingbird lived for 9 years and 2 months. [23] Bee hummingbirds live 7-10 years. [15] Population estimates and threatened species [ edit ]A phylogenetic tree unequivocally indicates that modern hummingbirds originated in South America, with the last common ancestor of all living hummingbirds living around 22 million years ago. [8] Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the Messel pit and in the Caucasus, dating from 35 to 40 million years ago; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred around that time. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost China during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at present is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. DNA–DNA hybridization results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the Miocene, some 12 to 13 million years ago, during the uplifting of the northern Andes. [38] Aztecs wore hummingbird talismans, artistic representations of hummingbirds and fetishes made from actual hummingbird parts as emblematic for vigor, energy, and propensity to do work along with their sharp beaks that symbolically mimic instruments of weaponry, bloodletting, penetration, and intimacy. Hummingbird talismans were prized as drawing sexual potency, energy, vigor, and skill at arms and warfare to the wearer. [224] The Aztec god of war Huitzilopochtli is often depicted in art as a hummingbird. [225] Aztecs believed that fallen warriors would be reincarnated as hummingbirds. [225] [226] The Nahuatl word huitzil translates to hummingbird. [225] One of the Nazca Lines depicts a hummingbird (right). [227] Hummingbirds split from other members of Apodiformes, the insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and treeswifts (family Hemiprocnidae), about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia. [8] Despite their current New World distribution, the earliest species of hummingbird occurred in the early Oligocene ( Rupelian about 34–28 million years ago) of Europe, belonging to the genus Eurotrochilus, having similar morphology to modern hummingbirds. [9] [40] [41] Phylogeny [ edit ] Alternatively, tops of this class may be started by hand but then accelerated and kept in motion by striking them repeatedly with a small whip.

a b c d e f g h Hargrove, J.L. (2005). "Adipose energy stores, physical work, and the metabolic syndrome: Lessons from hummingbirds". Nutrition Journal. 4: 36. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-4-36. PMC 1325055. PMID 16351726. Hummingbirds are restricted to the Americas from south central Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical and subtropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate climates and some hillstars occur even in alpine Andean highlands at altitudes up to 5,200m (17,100ft). [30] a b Crabtree, H. (1909). An Elementary Treatment of the Theory of Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion. London: Longman, Green and C. ISBN 9781418179892. As of 2023, 366 hummingbird species have been identified. [1] They have been traditionally divided into two subfamilies: the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae) and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown, though, that the hermits are sister to the topazes, making the former definition of the Trochilinae not monophyletic. The hummingbirds form nine major clades: the topazes and jacobins, the hermits, the mangoes, the coquettes, the brilliants, the giant hummingbird ( Patagona gigas), the mountaingems, the bees, and the emeralds. [8] The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the third-greatest number of species of any bird family (after the tyrant flycatchers and the tanagers). [8] [1]

Estimates of overall dietary makeup for hummingbirds vary, but insectivory is often cited as comprising 5-15% of feeding time budgets, typically; [174] [175] [185] 2-12% is a figure that is also cited. [179] [180] In one study, 84% of feeding time was allotted to nectar feeding if breeding females are included, and 89% otherwise; 86% of total feeding records were on nectar. [177] [185] It has been estimated, based on time budgets and other data, that the hummingbird diet is generally about 90% nectar and 10% arthropods by mass. [174] [186] As their nestlings consume only arthropods, and possibly because their own requirements increase, breeding females spend 3-4 times as long as males foraging for arthropods, although 65-70% of their feeding time is still devoted to nectar. [175] Estimates for overall insectivory can be as low as <5%. Such low numbers have been documented for some species; insects comprised 3% of foraging attempts for Peruvian shining sunbeams in one study, [187] while the purple-throated carib has been reported to spend <1% of time consuming insects in Dominica. [183] Both species also have more typical numbers recorded elsewhere, however. Overall, for most hummingbirds, insectivory is an essential and regular, albeit minor, component of the diet, while nectar is the primary feeding focus when conditions allow. [174] [183] It has been shown that floral abundance (but not floral diversity) influences hummingbird diversity, but that arthropod abundance does not (i.e., that it is non-limiting). [176] [178]