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Risk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test in young people, England: 8 December 2020 to 25 May 2022

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | CDC Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | CDC

Pardhan S, Vaughan M, Zhang J, Smith L, Chichger H (1 November 2020). "Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states". BMJ Open Ophthalmology. 5 (1): e000632. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632. PMC 7705420. PMID 34192153. As of December2021 [update], there are five dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 spreading among global populations: the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7, formerly called the UK variant), first found in London and Kent, the Beta variant (B.1.351, formerly called the South Africa variant), the Gamma variant (P.1, formerly called the Brazil variant), the Delta variant (B.1.617.2, formerly called the India variant), [112] and the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), which had spread to 57 countries as of 7 December. [113] [114] Pathophysiology COVID‑19 pathogenesis Additionally, people with COVID‑19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin. [148] COVID toes, rashes: How the coronavirus can affect your skin". www.aad.org . Retrieved 20 March 2022.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus can infect a wide range of cells and systems of the body. COVID‑19 is most known for affecting the upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). [115] The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‑19 because the virus accesses host cells via the receptor for the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant on the surface of type II alveolar cells of the lungs. [116] The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a " spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell. [117] Respiratory tract Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. Estimates of the links between work-limiting ill health, demographic and labour market changes, and recent rises in economic inactivity, using Annual Population Survey data. Experimental Statistics. Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG (23 June 2020). "The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries". PLOS ONE. 15 (6): e0234765. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1534765G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765. PMC 7310678. PMID 32574165. S2CID 220046286.

BBC News Covid inquiry: The UK pandemic in numbers - BBC News

Available evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally harboured by bats, and spread to humans multiple times from infected wild animals at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan in December 2019. [399] [400] A minority of scientists and some members of the U.S intelligence community believe the virus may have been unintentionally leaked from a laboratory such as the Wuhan Institute of Virology. [405] [406] The US intelligence community has mixed views on the issue, [407] [408] but overall agrees with the scientific consensus that the virus was not developed as a biological weapon and is unlikely to have been genetically engineered. [409] [410] [411] [412] There is no evidence SARS-CoV-2 existed in any laboratory prior to the pandemic. [413] [414] [415] The CDC states that avoiding crowded indoor spaces reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection. [227] When indoors, increasing the rate of air change, decreasing recirculation of air and increasing the use of outdoor air can reduce transmission. [227] [228] The WHO recommends ventilation and air filtration in public spaces to help clear out infectious aerosols. [229] [230] [231] The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread of COVID‑19 and reducing the severity and death caused by COVID‑19. [199] [202] According to a June 2022 study, COVID‑19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. [203] [204] Many countries implemented phased distribution plans that prioritized those at highest risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. [205] [206]A cytokine storm is due to an acute hyperinflammatory response that is responsible for clinical illness in an array of diseases but in COVID‑19, it is related to worse prognosis and increased fatality. The storm causes acute respiratory distress syndrome, blood clotting events such as strokes, myocardial infarction, encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis. The production of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma, all crucial components of normal immune responses, inadvertently become the causes of a cytokine storm. The cells of the central nervous system, the microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, are also involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines affecting the nervous system, and effects of cytokine storms toward the CNS are not uncommon. [158] Pregnancy response Fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, vomiting, loss of taste or smell; some cases asymptomatic [2] [3] An average of 4,111 cases per day were reported in United Kingdom in the last week. Cases have increased by 1 percent from the average two weeks ago. Deaths have increased by 8 percent. a b Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Dattani, Saloni; Roser, Max (2020–2022). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data . Retrieved 31 October 2023. Confirmed cases and deaths, which are widely considered to be an undercount of the true toll, are counts of individuals whose coronavirus infections were confirmed by a molecular laboratory test. Probable cases and deaths count individuals who meet criteria for other types of testing, symptoms and exposure, as developed by national and local governments.

England Summary | Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK

Several notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 emerged throughout 2020. [108] [109] Cluster 5 emerged among minks and mink farmers in Denmark. [110] After strict quarantines and a mink euthanasia campaign, the cluster was assessed to no longer be circulating among humans in Denmark as of 1 February 2021. [111] a b "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 28 February 2020 . Retrieved 13 March 2020. CDC (1 September 2022). "Post-COVID Conditions". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 21 September 2022. However, from the evidence base, it is difficult to conclude whether pregnant women are at increased risk of grave consequences of this virus. [159] a b Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, Wang X, Guo Y, Qiu S, Ma K (February 2021). "A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 54 (1): 12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.001. PMC 7227597. PMID 32425996.It is unknown whether different persons use similar antibody genes in response to COVID‑19. [155] Host cytokine response Mild versus severe immune response during virus infection The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission made the first public announcement of a pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause on 31 December, confirming 27 cases [433] [434] [435]–enough to trigger an investigation. [436] a b c "Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020 . Retrieved 31 July 2022. Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R (August 2020). "Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621–1631. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030. PMC 7275152. PMID 32753137. Blood and vessels: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); [182] leukoerythroblastic reaction, [183] endotheliitis, [184] hemophagocytosis [184]