Sass & Belle Nanook Polar Bear White Rug

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a b Born, D. (2019). "Bearing witness? Polar bears as icons for climate change communication in National Geographic". Environmental Communication. 13 (5): 649–663. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2018.1435557. S2CID 150289699. a b c Ovsyanikov, N. G. (2005). "Behavior of polar bears in coastal congregations" (PDF). Zoologicheskiĭ Zhurnal. 84 (1): 94–103. a b c Harington, C. R. (2008). "The evolution of Arctic marine mammals". Ecological Adapations. 18 (sp2): S23–S40. doi: 10.1890/06-0624.1. PMID 18494361.

Ramsay, M. A.; Hobson, K. A. (May 1991). "Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs: evidence from stable-carbon isotope analysis". Oecologia. 86 (4): 598–600. Bibcode: 1991Oecol..86..598R. doi: 10.1007/BF00318328. PMID 28313343. S2CID 32221744. Mother polar bears typically give birth to two cubs per litter. As with other bear species, newborn polar bears are tiny and altricial. [127] The newborns have woolly hair and pink skin, with a weight of around 600g (21oz). [10] [29] Their eyes remain closed for a month. [128] The mother's fatty milk fuels their growth, and the cubs are kept warm both by the mother's body heat and the den. The mother emerges from the den between late February and early April, and her cubs are well-developed and capable of walking with her. [129] At this time they weigh 10–15 kilograms (22–33lb). [10] A polar bear family stays near the dens for roughly two weeks; during this time the cubs will move and play around while the mother mostly rests. They eventually head out on the sea ice. [130] Mother nursing her young The polar bear is the largest living species of bear and land carnivore, though some brown bear subspecies like the Kodiak bear can rival it in size. [29] [30] Males are generally 200–250cm (6.6–8.2ft) long with a weight of 300–800kg (660–1,760lb). Females are smaller at 180–200cm (5.9–6.6ft) with a weight of 150–300kg (330–660lb). [10] Sexual dimorphism in the species is particularly high compared with most other mammals. [31] Male polar bears also have proportionally larger heads than females. [32] The weight of polar bears fluctuates during the year, as they can bulk up on fat and increase their mass by 50 percent. [29] A fattened, pregnant female can weigh as much as 500kg (1,100lb). [33] Adults may stand 130–160cm (4.3–5.2ft) tall at the shoulder. The tail is 76–126mm (3.0–5.0in) long. [10] The largest polar bear on record, reportedly weighing 1,002kg (2,209lb), was a male shot at Kotzebue Sound in northwestern Alaska in 1960. [34] Polar Bears are not currently threatened with extinction and the regulated harvest does not pose a threat to the survivability of the species. a b Figueirido, B.; Palmqvist, P.; Pérez-Claros, J. A. (2009). "Ecomorphological correlates of craniodental variation in bears and paleobiological implications for extinct taxa: an approach based on geometric morphometrics". Journal of Zoology. 277 (1): 70–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00511.x.

a b Wemmer, C.; Von Ebers, M.; Scow, K. (1976). "An analysis of the chuffing vocalization in the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus)". Journal of Zoology. 180 (3): 425–439. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04686.x. In 2015, the IUCN Red List categorized the polar bear as vulnerable due to a "decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat". It estimated the total population to be between 22,000 to 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Threats to polar bear populations include climate change, pollution and energy development. [2] Females den by digging into deep snow drifts, which provide protection and insulation from the Arctic elements. They give birth in winter, usually to twins. Young cubs live with their mothers for some 28 months to learn the survival skills of the far north. Females aggressively protect their young, but receive no help from their solitary male mates. In fact, male polar bears may even kill young of their species. When the mating season ends, the female will build up more fat reserves to sustain both herself and her young. Sometime between August and October, the female constructs and enters a maternity den for winter. Depending on the area, maternity dens can be found in sea ice just off the coastline or further inland and may be dug underneath snow, earth or a combination of both. [122] The inside of these shelters can be around 1.5m (4.9ft) wide with a ceiling height of 1.2m (3.9ft) while the entrance may be 2.1m (6.9ft) long and 1.2m (3.9ft) wide. The temperature of a den can be much higher than the outside. [123] Females hibernate and give birth to their cubs in the dens. [124] Hibernating bears fast and internally recycle bodily waste. Polar bears experience delayed implantation and the fertilized embryo does not start development until the fall, between mid-September and mid-October. [125] With delayed implantation, gestation in the species lasts seven to nine months but actual pregnancy is only two months. [126]

Arctic foxes routinely follow polar bears and scavenge scraps from their kills. The bears usually tolerate them but will charge a fox that gets too close when they are feeding. Polar bears themselves will scavenge. Subadult bears will eat remains left behind by others. Females with cubs often abandon a carcass when they see an adult male approaching, though are less likely to if they have not eaten in a long time. [113] Whale carcasses are a valuable food source, particularly on land and after the sea ice melts, and attract several bears. [85] In one area in northeastern Alaska, polar bears have been recorded competing with grizzly bears for whale carcasses. Despite their smaller size, grizzlies are more aggressive and polar bears are likely to yield to them in confrontations. [114] Polar bears will also scavenge at garbage dumps during ice-free periods. [115] Reproduction and development Courting male approaching female I would guess that 99% of people who use these rare and expensive feathers are classic salmon fly tiers, They follow the original patterns and methods of the tiers from the Victorian age. These patterns call for rare and unusual materials. The tiers do not use them because they are rare and unusual (or expensive). They use them because they are true to the original dressing on the fly. Polar bears are both terrestrial and pagophilic (ice-living) and are considered to be marine mammals due to their dependence on marine ecosystems. They prefer the annual sea ice but live on land when the ice melts in the summer. They are mostly carnivorous and specialized for preying on seals, particularly ringed seals. Such prey is typically taken by ambush; the bear may stalk its prey on the ice or in the water, but also will stay at a breathing hole or ice edge to wait for prey to swim by. The bear primarily feeds on the seal's energy-rich blubber. Other prey include walruses, beluga whales and some terrestrial animals. Polar bears are usually solitary but can be found in groups when on land. During the breeding season, male bears guard females and defend them from rivals. Mothers give birth to cubs in maternity dens during the winter. Young stay with their mother for up to two and a half years.

Lewin, R. A.; Farnsworth, P. A.; Yamanaka, G. (1981). "The algae of green polar bears". Phycologia. 20 (3): 303–314. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-20-3-303.1. Russell, Richard H. (1975). "The food habits of polar bears of James Bay and Southwest Hudson Bay in summer and autumn". Arctic. 28 (2): 117–129. doi: 10.14430/arctic2823. a b Phipps, John (1774). A voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's command, 1773. London: W. Bowyer and J. Nicols, for J. Nourse. p.185. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018.