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John T. Koch (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp.34, 365–366, 529, 973, 1053. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. OCLC 62381207. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022 . Retrieved 25 August 2022. Cunliffe, Barry (2008). A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75. The Prehistoric Society. pp.55–64 [61].

Mottos: A motto is a phrase or statement that encapsulates the values and beliefs of the family or individual. Mottos are usually written in Latin or a regional language. The earliest undisputed examples of Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC. [18] Continental Celtic languages are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic languages are attested from the 4th century AD in Ogham inscriptions, though they were clearly being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with Old Irish texts around the 8th century AD. Elements of Celtic mythology are recorded in early Irish and early Welsh literature. Most written evidence of the early Celts comes from Greco-Roman writers, who often grouped the Celts as barbarian tribes. They followed an ancient Celtic religion overseen by druids. The Roman occupation of Gaul, and to a lesser extent of Britain, led to Roman-Celtic syncretism. In the case of the continental Celts, this eventually resulted in a language shift to Vulgar Latin, while the Insular Celts retained their language. [ citation needed]Collis, John. The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies. Brunel, Samantha; etal. (9 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences. 117 (23): 12791–12798. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11712791B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918034117. PMC 7293694. PMID 32457149. The Romans knew the Celts then living in present-day France as Gauls. The territory of these peoples probably included the Low Countries, the Alps and present-day northern Italy. Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars described the 1st-century BC descendants of those Gauls. [ citation needed] The charges and emblems on family crests have specific meanings that are associated with the family or the individual who created the crest. Here are some common elements and their meanings: Celtic refers to a language family and, more generally, means "of the Celts" or "in the style of the Celts". Several archaeological cultures are considered Celtic, based on unique sets of artefacts. The link between language and artefact is aided by the presence of inscriptions. [41] The modern idea of a Celtic cultural identity or "Celticity" focuses on similarities among languages, works of art, and classical texts, [42] and sometimes also among material artefacts, social organisation, homeland and mythology. [43] Earlier theories held that these similarities suggest a common "racial" ("race" is contemporarily an invalid epistemolical and genetic concept) origin for the various Celtic peoples, but more recent theories hold that they reflect a common cultural and linguistic heritage more than a genetic one. Celtic cultures seem to have been diverse, with the use of a Celtic language being the main thing they had in common. [5]

Quintela, Marco V. García (2005). "Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 6 (1). Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2010.

A Latin name for the Gauls, Galli ( pl.), may come from a Celtic ethnic name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the Celtic expansion into Italy from the early fifth century BC. Its root may be Proto-Celtic *galno, meaning "power, strength" (whence Old Irish gal "boldness, ferocity", Welsh gallu "to be able, power"). The Greek name Γαλάται ( Galatai, Latinized Galatae) most likely has the same origin, referring to the Gauls who invaded southeast Europe and settled in Galatia. [35] The suffix -atai might be a Greek inflection. [36] Linguist Kim McCone suggests it comes from Proto-Celtic *galatis ("ferocious, furious"), and was not originally an ethnic name but a name for young warrior bands. He says "If the Gauls' initial impact on the Mediterranean world was primarily a military one typically involving fierce young *galatīs, it would have been natural for the Greeks to apply this name for the type of Keltoi that they usually encountered". [28] Fischer, Claire-Elise; etal. (October 2019). "Multi-scale archaeogenetic study of two French Iron Age communities: From internal social- to broad-scale population dynamics". Journal of Archaeological Science. Elsevier. 27 (101942): 101942. Bibcode: 2019JArSR..27j1942F. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101942.

Battle of Telamon, 225 BC". www.historyofwar.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 December 2022.John T. Koch [57] and Barry Cunliffe [58] have developed this 'Celtic from the West' theory. It proposes that the proto-Celtic language arose along the Atlantic coast and was the lingua franca of the Atlantic Bronze Age cultural network, later spreading inland and eastward. [11] More recently, Cunliffe proposes that proto-Celtic had arisen in the Atlantic zone even earlier, by 3000 BC, and spread eastwards with the Bell Beaker culture over the following millennium. His theory is partly based on glottochronology, the spread of ancient Celtic-looking placenames, and thesis that the Tartessian language was Celtic. [11] However, the proposal that Tartessian was Celtic is widely rejected by linguists, many of whom regard it as unclassified. [59] [60] 'Celtic from the Centre' theory The Celtiberian group in the Upper-Douro Upper-Tagus Upper-Jalón area. [86] Archaeological data suggest a continuity at least from the 6th century BC. In this early period, the Celtiberians inhabited in hill-forts ( Castros). Around the end of the 3rd century BC, Celtiberians adopted more urban ways of life. From the 2nd century BC, they minted coins and wrote inscriptions using the Celtiberian script. These inscriptions make the Celtiberian Language the only Hispano-Celtic language classified as Celtic with unanimous agreement. [87] In the late period, before the Roman Conquest, both archaeological evidence and Roman sources suggest that the Celtiberians were expanding into different areas in the Peninsula (e.g. Celtic Baeturia). Raftery, Barry. Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994. ISBN 0-500-27983-7. Eastern Gaul became the centre of the western La Tène culture. In later Iron Age Gaul, the social organisation resembled that of the Romans, with large towns. From the 3rd century BC the Gauls adopted coinage. Texts with Greek characters from southern Gaul have survived from the 2nd century BC. [72] Mac Cana, Proinsias; Dillon, Myles. "Celtic religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2020.

Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA". BBC News. 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022 . Retrieved 21 January 2022. Paul Graves-Brown, Siân Jones, Clive Gamble, Cultural identity and archaeology: the construction of European communities , pp. 242–244. Routledge. 1996. ISBN 978-0-415-10676-4 . Retrieved 7 June 2010. Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2017) demonstrated that Celtic-related populations of the European Atlantic (Orkney Islands, Scottish, Irish, British, Bretons, Basques, Galicians) shared a common HLA system. [ clarification needed] [62] The native peoples under Roman rule became Romanised and keen to adopt Roman ways. Celtic art had already incorporated classical influences, and surviving Gallo-Roman pieces interpret classical subjects or keep faith with old traditions despite a Roman overlay. [ citation needed] The Celts were described by classical writers such as Strabo, Livy, Pausanias, and Florus as fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes. Dionysius said that theira b Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2005). "Celtiberian" (PDF). E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 749–850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2017.