Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue

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A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani, which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2mg per ounce, to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A "pinch of coca leaves" was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe for Coca-Cola, though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed.

low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), which can cause symptoms including sweating, trembling and irritabilitya b Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM (January 2009). "Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review". Disease-a-Month. 55 (1): 6–38. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002. PMID 19081448. Jenkins AJ, Llosa T, Montoya I, Cone EJ (February 1996). "Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea". Forensic Science International. 77 (3): 179–189. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(95)01860-3. PMC 2705900. PMID 8819993.

Cocaine hydrochloride is the salt form of cocaine. It’s a fine white powder that can be identified by its bitter, numbing taste. The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine, which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. [139] Ornithine then undergoes a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylation to form putrescine. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [140] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N-carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N-methylation of putrescine gives the N-methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. Schiff base formation confirms the biosynthesis of the N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrolinium cation. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population, but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. [190] The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord. [191] In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only. a b Tega Y, Tabata H, Kurosawa T, Kitamura A, Itagaki F, Oshitari T, Deguchi Y (January 2021). "Structural Requirements for Uptake of Diphenhydramine Analogs into hCMEC/D3 Cells Via the Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 110 (1): 397–403. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.001. PMID 32898521.In some cases, the liquified cocaine may be mixed with an opioid to create a “speedball.” Types Of Cocaine That Are Smoked

Gay GR, Inaba DS, Sheppard CW, Newmeyer JA (1975). "Cocaine: history, epidemiology, human pharmacology, and treatment. a perspective on a new debut for an old girl". Clinical Toxicology. 8 (2): 149–78. doi: 10.3109/15563657508988061. PMID 1097168. a b Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh, Scotland: Mainstream Publishing. p.18. ISBN 1-56025-370-3.Sniffing Around the History of the McDonald's 'Cocaine Spoon' ". www.mentalfloss.com. 19 March 2021 . Retrieved 14 June 2021. In 2022, a GMO produced N. benthamiana were discovered that were able to produce 25% of the amount of cocaine found in a coca plant. [144] Detection in body fluids In October 2010 it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in 2003. [188] According to a 2016 United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage (2.4% of adults in the previous year). [150] Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1.5% are Spain and Scotland (2.2%), the United States (2.1%), Australia (2.1%), Uruguay (1.8%), Brazil (1.75%), Chile (1.73%), the Netherlands (1.5%) and Ireland (1.5%). [150] Europe

Drug Fact Sheet: Cocaine" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2020 . Retrieved 17 June 2022. a b Niemann A (1860). "Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern". Archiv der Pharmazie. 153 (2 and 3): 129–155, 291–308. doi: 10.1002/ardp.18601530202. S2CID 98195820. Pagliaro L, Pagliaro AM (2004). Pagliaros' Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Substances of Abuse. Washington, D.C.: American Pharmacists Association. ISBN 978-1-58212-066-9. Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. Cocaine is an old drug: it originates from a plant called coca, which has been around since the ancient Incas. It was first extracted in 1859 by a German chemist and in its infancy was used to treat depression and impotence. Coca-Cola notoriously infused its drinks with cocaine in the 1900s until it became evident to the US government that it had a problem, finally banning the drug in 1922. What is cocaine?In some cases, powdered cocaine is cut with levamisole, which also has an appearance similar to fish scales. This product may extend the effects of cocaine, but it is also highly dangerous. Cocaine Hydrochloride Ries RK, Miller SC, Fiellin DA (2009). Principles of addiction medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.137. ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014. Robins RJ, Waltons NJ, Hamill JD, Parr AJ, Rhodes MJ (October 1991). "Strategies for the genetic manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plants". Planta Medica. 57 (7 Suppl): S27-35. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960226. PMID 17226220. S2CID 45912704. See also: Cocaine in the United States Drug overdoses killed more than 70,200 Americans in 2017, with cocaine overdoses making up 13,942 of those deaths. [62]