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Wang, Le; Ding, Rizhi; Zhai, Yuanhao; Zhang, Qilin; Tang, Wei; Zheng, Nanning; Hua, Gang (2021). "Giant Panda Identification" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 30: 2837–2849. Bibcode: 2021ITIP...30.2837W. doi: 10.1109/tip.2021.3055627. ISSN 1057-7149. PMID 33539294. S2CID 231818504. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 February 2021. a b c "Discussion about the Chinese name for giant panda (in Chinese)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2008. The word panda was borrowed into English from French, but no conclusive explanation of the origin of the French word panda has been found. [23] The closest candidate is the Nepali word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the red panda, which is native to Nepal. In many older sources, the name "panda" or "common panda" refers to the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens), [24] which was described some 40 years earlier and over that period was the only animal known as a panda. [25] This necessitated the use of "giant" and "lesser/red" prefixes to differentiate the species. Even in 2013, the Encyclopædia Britannica still used "giant panda" or "panda bear" for the bear, [26] and simply "panda" for the red panda. [27] Christiansen, Per; Wroe, Stephen (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores". Ecology. 88 (2): 347–358. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:BFAEAT]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17479753. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021 . Retrieved 3 November 2017. a b Kandel, K.; Huettmann, F.; Suwal, M. K.; Regmi, G. R.; Nijman, V.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Lama, S. T.; Thapa, A.; Sharma, H. P. & Subedi, T. R. (2015). "Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region". Biological Conservation. 181: 150–161. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007.

a b Salesa, M. J.; Mauricio, A.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". PNAS. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..379S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860. Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus". Nature. 265 (5595): 621–623. Bibcode: 1977Natur.265..621T. doi: 10.1038/265621a0. S2CID 4214900. a b Hassanin, A.; Veron, G.; Ropiquet, A.; van Vuuren, B. J.; Lécu, A.; Goodman, S. M.; Haider, J.; Nguyen, T. T. (2021). "Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes". PLOS ONE. 16 (2): e0240770. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1640770H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240770. PMC 7886153. PMID 33591975.Sotnikova, M. V. (2008). "A new species of lesser panda Parailurus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny". Paleontological Journal. 42 (1): 90–99. doi: 10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X. S2CID 82000411.

indicating that the panda probably has all the necessary components for a carnivorous digestive system." Li R, Fan W, Tian G, Zhu H, He L, Cai J, Huang Q, Cai Q, Li B, Bai Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang W, Li J, Weia b c Thapa, K.; Thapa, G. J.; Bista, D.; Jnawali, S. R.; Acharya, K. P.; Khanal, K.; Kandel, R. C.; Karki Thapa, M.; Shrestha, S.; Lama, S. T. & Sapkota, N. S. (2020). "Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0243450. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1543450T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243450. PMC 7740865. PMID 33306732. Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, S.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda ( A. fulgens) in eastern Himalayas". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 65. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6. PMC 7794540. PMID 33420314. a b Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, A. & Hu, J. (1999). "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens". Journal of Zoology. 248 (4): 535–541. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x. Yu, L.; Li, Y.i-W.; Ryder, O. A.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2007). "Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-198. PMC 2151078. PMID 17956639.

Tanaka, A. & Ogura, T. (2018). "Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan". Zoo Biology. 37 (2): 107–114. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21407. PMID 29512188.The giant panda is a vulnerable species, threatened by continued habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, [134] and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity. [52] Its range is currently confined to a small portion on the western edge of its historical range, which stretched through southern and eastern China, northern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam. [1]

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant panda's diet is primarily herbivorous, consisting almost exclusively of bamboo. [52] However, the giant panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes, [56] and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. The ability to break down cellulose and lignin is very weak, and their main source of nutrients comes from starch and hemicelluloses. The most important part of their bamboo diet is the shoots, that are rich in starch which they have a higher capability to digest than strict carnivores, and have up to 32% protein content. [57] [58] During the shoot season, which lasts from April to August, they put on a lot of weight, which allows them to get through the nutrient-scarce period from late August to April, when they feed mostly on bamboo leaves. [59] Pandas are born with sterile intestines and require bacteria obtained from their mother's feces to digest vegetation. [60] The giant panda is a highly specialised animal with unique adaptations, and has lived in bamboo forests for millions of years. [61] a b Glatson, A. R. (1994). "The Red Panda or Lesser Panda ( Ailurus fulgens)" (PDF). Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group. pp.8, 12. ISBN 2-8317-0046-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 7 July 2020. a b Dendup, P.; Humle, T.; Bista, D.; Penjor, U.; Lham, C. & Gyeltshen, J. (2020). "Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (17): 9444–9453. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6632. PMC 7487235. PMID 32953073. a b c d e Glatston, A. R. (2021). "Introduction". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.xix–xxix. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3.

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Glatston, A. R. (2021). "Introduction". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.xix–xxix. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. a b Dudley, Karen (1997). Giant Pandas. Untamed world (Illustrateded.). Weigl Educational Publishers Limited. p.9. ISBN 0-919879-87-X.