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The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. [2] Parts of the nail [ edit ] Haneke E. Surgical anatomy of the nail apparatus. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Jul. 24(3):291-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Finally, the nail functions as a tool enabling a so-called "extended precision grip" (e.g., pulling out a splinter in one's finger), and certain cutting or scraping actions. Nail wraps are formed by cutting pieces of fiberglass, linen, silk fabric, or another material to fit on the surface of the nail (or a tip attached prior), to be sealed onto the nail plate with a layer of resin or glue. They do not damage the nail and also provide strength to the nail but are not used to lengthen it. It can also be used to fix broken nails. The treatment is however more expensive.
Yaemsiri, S.; Hou, N.; Slining, M. M.; He, K. (2010). "Growth rate of human fingernails and toenails in healthy American young adults". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 24 (4): 420–423. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03426.x. ISSN 1468-3083. PMID 19744178. S2CID 856692. Inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe occurs where the toenail of the smallest toe is separated, forming a smaller "sixth toenail" in the outer corner of the nail. [23] Like any other nail, it can be cut using a nail clipper.The free margin ( margo liber) or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponds to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. [3] The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermis, which is the only living part of a nail. Insufficient vitamin B12 can lead to excessive dryness, darkened nails, and rounded or curved nail ends. Insufficient intake of both vitamin A and B results in fragile nails with horizontal and vertical ridges. Some over-the-counter vitamin supplements such as certain multivitamins and biotin may help in growth of strong nails, although this is quite subjective. Both vitamin B12 and folate play a role in red blood cell production and oxygen transportation to nail cells. Inadequacies can result in discoloration of the nails. [25]
Onychogryposis affected nail can also have many ridges and grooves, appear brownish, and grow rapidly on one side when compared to the other side.
Overview
The nail sinus ( sinus unguis) is where the nail root is; [3] i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix. [ citation needed] In humans, fingernails grow at an average rate of approx. 3.5mm (0.14in) a month, whereas toenails grow about half as fast (approx. average 1.6mm (0.063in) a month). [11] Fingernails require three to six months to regrow completely, and toenails require twelve to eighteen months. Actual growth rate is dependent upon age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors. [12] Cashman MW, Sloan SB (2010). "Nutrition and nail disease". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (4): 420–25. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.037. PMID 20620759. Nail tools used by different people may transmit infections. Standard hygiene and sanitation procedures avoid transmission. In some cases, gel and cream cuticle removers can be used instead of cuticle scissors. Paronychia is a bacterial nail infection that is caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The infection usually involves nail fold and the nail plate and occurs along the edges of the toenail or fingernail, prevalent more commonly as a hand infection. Based on the appearance and location of the infection, it can be easily distinguished from other infections like herpetic whitlow and onychomycosis if neglected for a long time and can lead to severe infections affecting the entire toe or finger.
Practising good personal hygiene and taking proper care of hands and feet can help lower the risk of most problems affecting nail plates. Nail Plate Pictures Schriger DL, Baraff LJ (Jun 1991). "Capillary refill – is it a useful predictor of hypovolemic states?". Ann Emerg Med. 20 (6): 601–15. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82375-3. PMID 2039096. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. It is the area of the nail on which the nail plate rests. Nerves and blood vessels found here supply nourishment to the entire nail unit. Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal "grooves" called matrix crests ( cristae matricis unguis). [3] In old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. [ citation needed] The nail bed is highly innervated, and removal of the nail plate is often excruciatingly painful as a result. [ citation needed] This can affect the adhesion of any artificial products, such as regular nail varnish, UV gels or powder polymer or liquid monomer. It also weakens the nail and opens it up to penetration by unwanted substances. The lower and younger layers are attached firmly to the nail bed epithelium which, in turn is attached to the nail bed by a series of grooves.
a b Ankel-Simons, Friderun (8 January 2007). Primate Anatomy: An introduction (3rded.). London, UK: Academic Press. pp.342–344. ISBN 978-0-12-372576-9. A person whose occupation is to cut, shape and care for nails as well as to apply overlays such as acrylic and UV gel is sometimes called a nail stylist. The place where a nail stylist works may be a nail salon or nail shop or nail bar. Nail art The conditionas also called as nail atrophy, results in atrophy or wasting away of the plate thus making it lose its sheen. The body of nail gets smaller and in some cases, falls off completely. Onychatrophia can affect adults (men and women), infants and children, and toe as well as fingernails. Onychatrophia is not likely to cause discomfort or pain. This often occurs after an ailment or injury.
Singal, Archana; Arora, Rahul (2015). "Nail as a window of systemic diseases". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 6 (2): 67–74. doi: 10.4103/2229-5178.153002. PMC 4375768. PMID 25821724. The nail then acts as a counter-force when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip, [9] although the nail itself has no nerve endings.
With only a few exceptions, primates retain plesiomorphic (original, "primitive") hands with five digits, each equipped with either a nail or a claw. For example, nearly all living strepsirrhine primates have nails on all digits except the second toe which is equipped with a grooming claw. Tarsiers have a grooming claw on second and third toes. Less commonly known, a grooming claw is also found on the second pedal digit of owl monkeys ( Aotus), titis ( Callicebus), and possibly other New World monkeys. [37] The needle-clawed bushbaby ( Euoticus) has keeled nails (the thumb and the first and the second toes have claws) featuring a central ridge that ends in a needle-like tip.
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