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Adelson, Roger (1995). London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06094-2. Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2". Eurojewcong.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2010. Asymmetric Operations Asymmetric operations are often those involving states vs. non-state actors, often characterized by terrorism, insurgencies, or other extreme imbalances in power and structure. Players and components with differing interests, resources, and capabilities interact in complex ways to make policy extremely difficult. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Bunton. A History Of The Modern Middle East (6th ed. 2018 4th ed. online

Beaumont, Peter; Blake, Gerald H; Wagstaff, J. Malcolm (1988). The Middle East: A Geographical Study. David Fulton. ISBN 978-0-470-21040-6. The Ottoman Empire was dismantled during the course of World War I, resulting in a vacuum of power in the Middle East in which the British and French occupied further stretches of territory up until the end of World War II, where after a series of conflicts both European powers began to retreat from the region. The 20th century saw the formation of several new nations within the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran (which had been previously known as Persia), Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. The region also saw a series of major conflicts during this century, such as the Arab-Israeli War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Gulf War. The Middle East’s recent history during the 21st century has also been marred with violence. Population, total - Middle East & North Africa, World | Data". data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2020-04-11. Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth". The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12. doi: 10.1111/muwo.12175. hdl: 10822/1042998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.Melman, Billie (November 2002), Companion to Travel Writing, Collections Online, vol.6 The Middle East/Arabia, Cambridge, archived from the original on 25 July 2011 , retrieved 8 January 2006 . C. Held, Colbert (2008). Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p.109. ISBN 978-0429962004. Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora. Our Nike Air Jordan 1 shoes combine iconic looks with game-changing technology—so you can run, jump and play at your peak, every time. Solid rubber outsoles give outstanding grip and exceptional durability. Flex grooves in the forefoot ensure your footwear moves with you for effortless comfort, while grippy heel textures keep you securely grounded in the toughest moments. Meanwhile, Nike Air units in the heels provide supportive, resilient cushioning. Shoup, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2014.

American Competitiveness & Economic Diplomacy A look at the strength of America’s business and trade relations undergirds its competitiveness abroad. In the global marketplace of ideas, the United States must lead in its business, infrastructure, and innovation if it’s to thrive. The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa. IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures (English)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2012.The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards. The Air Jordan 1 Mid maintains the signature high-top design of the original Air Jordan 1, but in a mid-top form. Its upper is predominantly constructed from materials such as leather, suede, and patent leather. The shoe is equipped with Nike's Air-Sole unit in the heel, offering superior cushioning and comfort. The AJ 1 Mid has seen a multitude of colorways, including classics like the Bred Toe and Royal iterations. Several Middle Eastern nations also have their own languages specific to their country. Urdu is one of the two Hindustani languages (alongside Hindu) and is the national language of Pakistan, though English is also an official language. Uzbek, a Central Asian Turkic language, is the official language of Uzbekistan, with Russian and Karakalpak (also a Turkic language) recognized as regional languages. Turkmen, another Turkic language from Central Asia, is the sole official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian has some limited recognition. Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian are the sole official languages for their respective countries. Israel is the only country in the world to have Hebrew as a national language, but there are actually two official languages in the country: Hebrew and Arabic. Aside from official and national languages, there are also a wide variety of minority languages which are a product of the diverse cultures, patterns of migration, and economic activities of the Middle East. These spoken languages include (but are not limited to) Berber, Circassian, English, French, Gagauz, Hindi, Romani, Russian, Somali, and several Modern Aramaic dialects. The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. It instructs: Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (2015-10-26). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 197–200. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2833. ISSN 1758-678X.