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By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on? The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel -roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming. Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic شامل متن لیسنینگ ها و پاسخ هر بخش است، فایل صوتی این کتاب زمان بندی مشابه با آزمون کاغذی آیلتس دارد. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. The Falkirk WheelMark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientists CEM Select Evaluate provides year-on-year comparability. The results are age standardised and national norms are included.
Questions in the CEM Select assessments are developed independently from other CEM assessments. There are no advantages for students who have previously taken a CEM InCAS (now evolved into Cambridge Primary Insight), MidYIS or Yellis assessment. The questions are designed to assess genuine understanding rather than learning through repetition. The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the -regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists. The average duration of each test is 60-minutes (which includes the introductory questions and instructions). Vertical farms would be located in………………, meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.
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Instead, you need to find and read IELTS self-study books with specific instructions on the test process and related strategies, as well as in-depth study materials on vocabulary/grammar for the IELTS test. to have a stable foundation first. Cambridge IELTS Academic 11 Study Guide Each practice test in Cambridge IELTS Academic 11is designed in the same sequence as in an IELTS Academic test: from Listening to Reading, Writing and Speaking. In there: The tests measure verbal, non-verbal and mathematical skills, where each child completes the assessment independently, working at a computer and guided by on-screen instructions. Authentic examination papers from Cambridge Assessment English provide perfect practice because they are EXACTLY like the real test. But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is ‘no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something to worry about.’
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Reducing the Effects of Climate Change The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured. The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand. CEM Select Challenge offers a numerous of versions of the assessment, allowing reuse of the same test each year to provide year on year comparability or to choose a different test each year. Raw scores are reported, including sub-section scores and a total score to enable candidates to be ranked. Cambridge IELTS 11is in the book series of the same name, published by Cambridge University Press– one of the most prestigious English language learning and language skills publishers.Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant seesaws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish. Our computer-based admissions tests are taken in exam conditions. Each student completes the assessment independently, working at a computer and guided by on-screen instructions. The organisation and set up of these is done by the school to which you are applying and will vary depending on the school's computer facilities and capacity. The assessments support developed abilities in reading and maths that are claimed to rely on genuine understanding rather than learning through repetition. No evidence is available to substantiate this claim. The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’
Because the Cambridge IELTS Academic 11book only provides practice questions, this document is suitable for those who have mastered the exam structure and tactics for handling all tests in each skill (minimum band score of 5.0). Thus, the book is a reliable source of reference and practice for test takers before the official exam. Pros & Cons As mentioned above, Cambridge IELTS 11 Academicbelongs to the series of practice books, so it focuses on providing IELTS Academic practice tests with all 4 skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, not including test instructions. And practice vocabulary and grammar to form a foundation for learners. Therefore, Cam 11 is not a suitable choice for those just starting. For those who don’t know, Cambridge IELTSis a series of books about the IELTS exam published annually by Cambridge itself to give you the best orientation for those who are preparing for the IELTS exam. The book is a collection of many different sets of topics, and by exploiting these topics, readers will be able to decipher and grasp the structure of the exam. This will help you be more confident when entering the ‘battle’ with the exam. Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Review Book Content
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IELTS 11 Student’s Book with answers allows students to familiarize themselves with IELTS tests and to practice examination techniques using authentic tests. A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future. Those who want to conquer the high-stakes IELTS exam must be familiar with the series of practice questions from Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Practice Test for IELTS. In the article below, 9IELTSwill spend a couple of lines reviewing the second book of this famous series: Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic.
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