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Treasures of Arabic Morphology

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Fischer, Wolfdietrich (2002). A Grammar of Classical Arabic. Translated by Rodger, Jonathan (3rded.). Yale University Press. p.153. Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 5, pg. 174, fascicules 81–82. Eds. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, E. van Donzel, Bernard Lewis and Charles Pellat. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1980. ISBN 9789004060562 Lesson 90 – الدَّرْسُ التِّسْعُونَ Introduction to Morphology - مُقَدِّمةٌ لِعِلْمِ الصَّرْفِ Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ

Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, pg. 350. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1954. New edition 1980. A noun may be defined more precisely by adding another noun immediately afterwards. In Arabic grammar, this is called إضافة iḍāfah ("annexation, addition") and in English is known as the "genitive construct", "construct phrase", or "annexation structure". The first noun must be in the construct form while, when cases are used, the subsequent noun must be in the genitive case. The construction is typically equivalent to the English construction "(noun) of (noun)". This is a very widespread way of forming possessive constructions in Arabic, [19] and is typical of a Semitic language. [20] Classical Arabic has 28 consonantal phonemes, including two semi-vowels, which constitute the Arabic alphabet. The root word in the form of a verb (الفعل) consists of three and four syllables. The verb morpheme (الفعل) mujarrad tsulaatsi is a verb composed of three letters, all of which are original and have not been added with additional letters; there are three kinds of forms, namely, [ 28]: (فَعَلَ), (فَعِلَ), and (فَعُلَ). The verb morphemes (الفعل) which are efficacious or the original four letters have not received additional letters consisting of only one scale, namely the فَعْلَلَ morpheme which indicates a transitive verb, for example, يُزَلْزِلُ -زَلْزلَ (shake), َدَمَدَمَ - يُدَمْدِمُ. From the explanation that has been described above, it can be concluded that the Arabic root word based on the noun morpheme (الاسم) has a three-syllable, a four-syllable, and a five-syllable, and based on the verb morpheme (الفعل), there is a three-syllable and a syllable. However, Arabic root words are generally three syllables. The word formation in Arabic consists of al-isytiqaaq, al-naht, al-ta’riib, and al-ziyadah.Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 206–11 [§8.1.1]. In Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), nouns and adjectives (‏ اِسْمٌ‎ ism) are declined, according to case ( i‘rāb), state (definiteness), gender and number. In colloquial or spoken Arabic, there are a number of simplifications such as the loss of certain final vowels and the loss of case. A number of derivational processes exist for forming new nouns and adjectives. Adverbs can be formed from adjectives. Having said that, we are going to be looking into three main sub-topics that deal with verb morphology: conjugation processes, verb paradigms and related connotations, and rules of irregularity. Hamzat al-waṣl ( هَمْزة الوَصْل), elidable hamza, is a phonetic object prefixed to the beginning of a word for ease of pronunciation, since Literary Arabic doesn't allow consonant clusters at the beginning of a word. Elidable hamza drops out as a vowel, if a word is preceding it. This word will then produce an ending vowel, "helping vowel" to facilitate pronunciation. This short vowel may be, depending on the preceding vowel, a fatḥah ( فَتْحة: ـَ), pronounced as /a/; a kasrah ( كَسْرة: ـِ), pronounced as /i/; or a ḍammah ( ضَمّة: ـُ), pronounced as /u/. If the preceding word ends in a sukūn ( سُكُون), meaning that it is not followed by a short vowel, the hamzat al-waṣl assumes a kasrah /i/. The symbol ـّ ( شَدّة shaddah) indicates gemination or consonant doubling. See more in Tashkīl. Some of the independent pronouns have slightly different forms compared with their Classical forms. For example, usually forms similar to inta, inti "you (masc./fem. sg.)" occur in place of anta, anti, and (n)iḥna "we" occurs in place of naḥnu.

Indonesia is a rich country in languages [ 10]. Indeed, it makes Arabic not the first language [ 11– 13]. Instead, it becomes the second language or even the third language after the mother tongue or local language and the national language [ 14]. The Buginese language is one of the many regional languages spread throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, which is still used and maintained by the speaking community as stated in the explanation of article 36, Chapter XV, of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, that regional languages in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia which is still preserved by the speaking community, is also maintained by the state because it is part and the diversity of the national culture that is still sustainable. The efforts to develop these regional languages are inseparable from the development of national culture [ 15– 18]. In the above cases, when there are two combining forms, one is used with "... me" and the other with all other person/number/gender combinations. (More correctly, one occurs before vowel-initial pronouns and the other before consonant-initial pronouns, but in Classical Arabic, only -ī is vowel-initial. This becomes clearer in the spoken varieties, where various vowel-initial enclitic pronouns exist.) The Arabic grammar القَوَاعِد العَرَبِيَّة consists of two main branches; the Arabic syntax النَّحْو and the Arabic morphology الصَّرْف . ithnān(i) is changed to اِثْنَيْنِ ithnayn(i) in oblique cases. This form is also commonly used in a less formal Arabic in the nominative case.

Based on the type of research carried out, namely, library research, to obtain data, researchers collect data from several pieces of literature related to research problems from libraries or literature in the form of digital maktabah (digital library). The data were collected by quoting, adapting, and analyzing using content analysis on representative literature and having relevance to the issues discussed, then reviewing, and concluding. The primary source of this research is word forms in Arabic and Buginese, which are supported by books and other scientific works relevant to the discussion of this research. Note that the demonstrative and relative pronouns were originally built on this word. hādhā, for example, was originally composed from the prefix hā- 'this' and the masculine accusative singular dhā; similarly, dhālika was composed from dhā, an infixed syllable -li-, and the clitic suffix -ka 'you'. These combinations had not yet become completely fixed in Qur'anic Arabic and other combinations sometimes occurred, e.g. dhāka, dhālikum. Similarly, the relative pronoun alladhī was originally composed based on the genitive singular dhī, and the old Arabic grammarians noted the existence of a separate nominative plural form alladhūna in the speech of the Hudhayl tribe in Qur'anic times.

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