The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey Between Worlds

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The research and academic community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as Internet2 in the United States and JANET in the United Kingdom. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. [233] [234] [235] The FCC chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept." [236] Because of the poor infrastructure, the access to, sharing, and storage of information were all still manual. And even with the arrival of the Internet, access to information was still limited because of the limited capacity of the links—with the result that information access was very expensive. Yet the dream of an information society was alive and growing.

The continuing challenges, however, were the continued control of international connectivity by Telkom Kenya and the last mile to the customer, which the ISPs had to deal with until 2007. Connectivity Cerf and Kahn published their ideas in May 1974, [82] which incorporated concepts implemented by Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann in the CYCLADES network. [83] The specification of the resulting protocol, the Transmission Control Program, was published as RFC 675 by the Network Working Group in December 1974. [84] It contains the first attested use of the term internet, as a shorthand for internetwork. This software was monolithic in design using two simplex communication channels for each user session. The history of the Internet has its origin in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks. The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France. [1] [2] [3] [4] American Telephone and Telegraph Company, or AT&T, is one of the most popular ISPs in the US and offers a wide range of internet plans to cater to various user needs. However, the ISP often provides slow internet, which is a significant problem for its users. Why are people still learning these things? And why are they not being challenged to learn new things? And why are university professors not the ones leading the charge on this? I like what the Moringa School is doing, and I like what a couple of the finishing schools for software engineers are doing. I think that is an interesting model and where we will see more hiring happen in the future.Early international collaborations via the ARPANET were sparse. Connections were made in 1973 to the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR), [60] via a satellite link at the Tanum Earth Station in Sweden, and to Peter Kirstein's research group at University College London, which provided a gateway to British academic networks, forming the first international heterogenous resource sharing network. [61] By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213. [62] The ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used. In 2007, the curtain came down on Telkom Kenya’s monopoly on international gateway, which brought down many barriers to the Internet. Evolution was driven through connectivity via submarine fiber optic cables in 2009, liberalized international gateways and last- and first-mile solutions, and finally, the convergence in services. Having said all that, I think there actually is a role where international NGOs can help, and that is with government. That is, funding some of the regulatory research. Research so that laws can be made or something like public–private partnerships on large-scale intra-country projects, such as installing terrestrial cables. Helping to subsidize some of that stuff as it gets built out across the country is valuable, and if it can reduce some of the load on the government, then, sure, that can work. The IETF grew out of quarterly meetings with U.S. government-funded researchers, starting in January 1986. Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986. The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987. The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees. In 1992, the Internet Society, a professional membership society, was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body. The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in July 1993. Today, the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca. 2,000 participants. Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia. The number of non-US attendees is typically ca. 50%, even at meetings held in the United States. [191]

Many of those who innovated and disrupted others were to undergo the same trials themselves eventually, and unless they transformed themselves in turn, they fell by the wayside. Today, only Wananchi Online still exists as an entity. An Agent Is Critical for the Game ChangeA network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [...] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper

In early 1982, NORSAR and Peter Kirstein's group at University College London (UCL) left the ARPANET and began to use TCP/IP over SATNET. [112] UCL continued to provide access between the ARPANET and academic networks in the UK, a role it had performed since 1973. [61] [113] The network was creaking with age and obsolescence because of limited investment. The main switching exchange systems required urgent attention to replace old exchanges and transmission systems that had outlived their useful life and were therefore prone to failure. Several old exchange systems were upgraded. These strategic communication facilities were running on obsolescent crossbar technology that was difficulty to support because spare parts were difficult to procure. In total, 150,000 telephones, or half of the total telecommunications network, were connected to exchanges based on old, obsolescent technology. It was just a matter of time before key parts failed and the system became disabled (Mureithi 1999). Today, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship make the buzz of the “Africa rising” narrative. The authors of Digital Kenya however go beyond, by providing instructive, provocative insights and first-hand experience from knowledgeable entrepreneurs on how to take advantage of emerging digital dividends. The lessons are relevant for Africa and beyond. This is a required reading!” (Moses Kiggundu, Sproot School of Business at Carleton University & founding editor Africa Journal of Management) As someone who runs a for-profit company, if someone wants to provide you with grant funding, you look at all that is going on in the market and you are to decide if it fits the company’s focus and mission. I will take the free money if you hand it to me, but it has to be aligned with what I am trying to do. You need to dump money into me because what I am doing is great, not because what you are doing is great and you want me to do it for you. This type of decision is hard for younger executives, because it comes with some experience. If you are a leader of a company, you have to be strong enough to make the right call for your company. And if you are not making the right call and take a grant that does not make sense for your company, well, that is on you. Do not blame an industry because you made a bad decision.

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Using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) can sometimes bypass throttling, indicating that your ISP may be intentionally slowing down your connection. Government of Kenya (GOK). (1998). Kenya information and communications act 1998. http://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/kenya/The_Kenya_Communications_Act_1998.pdf. Accessed 25 Feb 2016. Data Caps: Some AT&T plans come with data caps. If you exceed your allotted data limit, your internet speed may be reduced for the remainder of your billing cycle.