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Davis, A. K.; Holden, Michael T. (2015). "Measuring Intraspecific Variation in Flight-Related Morphology of Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus): Which Sex Has the Best Flying Gear?" (PDF). Journal of Insects. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2015 (59170): 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2015/591705 . Retrieved October 17, 2020. New players should be on the lookout for days when lots of butterflies spawn, since they can fetch high prices. One day can easily net over 10. The monarch is the state insect of Alabama, [135] Idaho, [136] Illinois, [137] Minnesota, [138] Texas, [139] Vermont, [140] and West Virginia. [141] Legislation was introduced to make it the national insect of the United States, [142] but this failed in 1989 [143] and again in 1991. [144]

Ormond Beach Flying US Flags On Granada Bridge T0 Mark 9\17". NewsDaytonaBeach.com. WNDB Local News First. 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved November 14, 2014. Pyle, Robert Michael (2014). Chasing monarchs: Migrating with the butterflies of passage. Yale University Press. p.2. ISBN 978-0395828205.The monarch's white morph appeared in Oahu after the 1965–1966 introduction of two bulbul bird species, Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus jocosus. These are now the most common avian insectivores in Hawaii, and probably the only ones that eat insects as large as monarchs. Although Hawaiian monarchs have low cardiac glycoside levels, the birds may also be tolerant of that toxin. The two species hunt the larvae and some pupae from the branches and undersides of leaves in milkweed bushes. The bulbuls also eat resting and ovipositing adults, but rarely flying ones. Because of its color, the white morph has a higher survival rate than the orange one. This is either because of apostatic selection (i.e., the birds have learned the orange monarchs can be eaten), because of camouflage (the white morph matches the white pubescence of milkweed or the patches of light shining through foliage), or because the white morph does not fit the bird's search image of a typical monarch, so is thus avoided. [121] Johnson, Carolyn Y. (November 23, 2011). "Monarch butterfly genome sequenced". Boston Globe. Boston, MA . Retrieved January 9, 2012. Do My Monarch Butterflies Have OE? Ophryocystis elektroscirrha". Butterfly Fun Facts . Retrieved March 24, 2015. Reppert, Steven M (2018). "Demystifying monarch butterfly migration". Current Biology. 28 (17): R1009–R1022. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.067. PMID 30205052. S2CID 52186799.

Pteromalid wasps, specifically Pteromalus cassotis, parasitize monarch pupae. [186] These wasps lay their eggs in the pupae while the chrysalis is still soft. Up to 400 adults emerge from the chrysalis after 14–20 days, [186] killing the monarch. Such efforts are controversial because the risk of butterfly mortality near roads is high. Several studies have shown that motor vehicles kill millions of monarchs and other butterflies every year. [179] Also, some evidence indicates that monarch larvae living near roads experience physiological stress conditions, as evidenced by elevations in their heart rate. [224]

Scudder, Samuel H.; William M. Davis; Charles W. Woodworth; Leland O. Howard; Charles V. Riley; Samuel W. Williston (1989). The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England. The author. p. 721. ISBN 978-0-665-26322-4.

Dellinger, AJ (July 21, 2022). "The monarch butterfly is endangered now, you monsters". Mic . Retrieved July 22, 2022. Wagner, David L. (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-12144-3 Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015 . Retrieved July 11, 2021. The adult's thorax has six legs, but as in all of the Nymphalidae, the forelegs are small and held against the body. The butterfly uses only its middle and hindlegs when walking and clinging. [54]

Groth, Jacob (November 10, 2000). "Do Farm-Raised Monarchs Migrate?". Swallowtail Farms . Retrieved July 21, 2014. Monarch Butterfly release at Children's Museum of Fond du Lac". FDL Reporter . Retrieved November 14, 2014. While scientific studies on the subject have been reported, the practice of butterfly gardening and creating "monarch waystations" is commonly thought to increase the populations of butterflies. [226] [227] [228] [229] [230] [231] [232] Efforts to restore falling monarch populations by establishing butterfly gardens and monarch waystations require particular attention to the butterfly's food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain milkweed. [233] [234] Pollinator Habitat Acreage: Restore or enhance 7 million acres of land for pollinators over the next 5 years through Federal actions and public/private partnerships. [211]

a b Stenoien, Carl; McCoshum, Shaun; Caldwell, Wendy; De Anda, Alma; Oberhauser, Karen (January 2015). "New reports that Monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Linnaeus) are hosts for a pupal parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Walker)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 88 (1): 16–26. doi: 10.2317/JKES1402.22.1. S2CID 52231552. Davis, Donald (November 27, 2014). "DPLEX-L:59250 THE possibility of a trans-Gulf migration, oil rigs, Dr. Gary Ross, and more". Monarch Watch. University of Kansas.Holmes, Forest Russell. "Swamp Milkweed ( Asclepias incarnata L.)". Plant of the Week. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021 . Retrieved July 9, 2021. Larvae feed exclusively on milkweed and consume protective cardiac glycosides. Toxin levels in Asclepias species vary. Not all monarchs are unpalatable, but exhibit Batesian or automimics. Cardiac glycosides levels are higher in the abdomen and wings. Some predators can differentiate between these parts and consume the most palatable ones. [112] On December 4, 2015, President Obama signed into law the Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (Pub. L. 114-94). [215] The FAST Act placed a new emphasis on efforts to support pollinators. To accomplish this, the FAST Act amended Title 23 (Highways) of the United States Code. The amendment directed the United States Secretary of Transportation, when carrying out programs under that title in conjunction with willing states, to: See also: Threats to monarch butterfly in California Western monarch populations from 1997 to 2013 (from Xerces Society data) D. plexippus, described by Linnaeus in 1758, is the species known most commonly as the monarch butterfly of North America. Its range actually extends worldwide, including Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, and the Pacific Islands.