Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict

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The Oxford English Dictionary records the phrase "soft power" (meaning "power (of a nation, state, alliance, etc.) deriving from economic and cultural influence, rather than coercion or military strength") from 1985. [4] Joseph Nye popularized the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s. [5] Friedberg, Aaron L. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia, New York: Norton Publishing, 2011. How Japan became a pop culture superpower | The Spectator". The Spectator. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019 . Retrieved 12 December 2021.

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Kirk, John M.; Erisman, H. Michael (2009). Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals (1sted.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403983725. OCLC 248348330. Iran is engaged in a soft war, or jang-e narm, with the United States. Iran uses formal and informal means to influence populations across the globe and has expanded its information campaign utilizing the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, cultural centers, universities, and charitable foundations. But Iran’s authoritarian political system and attempts to control access to information make it vulnerable to a U.S. and Western information campaign. Iran’s weaknesses​ suggest that a major component of U.S. competition with Tehran should be ideological. Price, “Iran and the Soft War,” International Journal of Communi- cations 6 (2012): 2397-2415; Saikal, Iran Rising, 157-158. international relations in general and in the study of conflicts in particular, appearances are often misleading. As such, in contrast to the spectacle offered to us in tumultuous news cycles and the popular beliefs they convey, can we question the change in nature and the notion of war between major powers? Could war now marginalize the choice of weapons and turn the focus to other battlefields, ones that involve the strategies of soft power?Limited Credibility: Iran’s top-down approach and authoritarian system undermine the credibility and attractiveness of its message and have fueled corruption.61Iranian programming is dominated by official statements, weakening its objectivity. 62In addition, the bonyadshave been accused of substantial waste, inefficiency, mismanagement, and corruption. Bonyad companies compete with Iran’s private sector, though they have a significant advantage over private businesses because of their better political connections and favorable access to capital and tax exemptions. 63All of these weaknesses make Iran vulnerable to a U.S. and Western information campaign that highlights problems to populations in Iran and abroad. Sondhaus, Lawrence (2009). Soft power, hard power, and the Pax Americana. Taylor & Francis. pp.204–8. ISBN 978-0415545334– via Google Books.

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How Japan's global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower". Quartz. 2020-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21 . Retrieved 2021-12-12. Its usefulness (Giulio Gallarotti, Niall Ferguson, Josef Joffe, Robert Kagan, Ken Waltz, Mearsheimer vs Nye, Katzenstein, Janice Bially Mattern, Jacques Hymans, Alexander Vuving, Jan Mellisen) Softly does it". The Economist. 18 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015. Nye, Joseph (2007). "Notes For a Soft Power Research Agenda," in Berenskoetter & Williams (see under "Lukes")Sobrinho, Blasco José (2001). Signs, Solidarities, and Sociology: Charles S. Peirce and the Pragmatics of Globalization. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p.115. ISBN 9780847691791 . Retrieved 16 March 2023. [...] the notion of a 'second face of power'" — less 'obvious' to empirical observation — introduced in 1962 by Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz in 'The Two Faces of Power.' The views of Bachrach and Baratz, presented comprehensively in their 1970 book Power and Poverty drew [...] upon post-empiricist (post-positivist) philosophy of science to argue that [...] social science should consider those aspects of political life that are covert and 'nonobvious.' [...] Bachrach and Baratz put forward the concept of the 'nondecision,' which they defined as 'a decision that results in suppression or thwarting of a latent or manifest challenge to the values or interests of the decision-maker.' Lord, Carnes, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power,"in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008) p. 60. Beretta, Silvio (2017). Understanding China Today: An Exploration of Politics, Economics, Society, and International Relations. Springer. p.320. ISBN 9783319296258.

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The United States’ greatest strengths— its support of democratic principles, open markets, and free press—are Iran’s most significant weaknesses. The report makes three main arguments. First, Iran is explicitly engaged in a “soft war,” or jang-e narm, with the West—especially the United States. 1 As former Iranian intelligence chief Heidar Moslehi remarked, “We do not have a physical war with the enemy, but we are engaged in heavy information warfare with the enemy.” 2 Second, Iran uses both formal and informal instruments to wage jang-e narm. Examples range from official television broadcasting through organizations like the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting to informal cultural centers. Third, Iran has weaknesses and vulnerabilities that stem, in part, from its authoritarian system and self-perception as the vanguard of Shia Islam, which have undermined the legitimacy of its message and created inefficiency and corruption. The United States’ greatest strengths—its support of democratic principles, open markets, and free press—are Iran’s most significant weaknesses. Iran’s authoritarian political system and attempt to control access to information make it vulnerable to a U.S. and Western information campaign. But U.S. efforts to ideologically compete with Iran have been ad hoc and poorly funded. The United States and other Western governments need to step up efforts to compete with Iran through soft power, not just focus on military, financial, and diplomatic means.

However, its jang-e-narm strategy has several critical weaknesses: credibility problems (including corruption), the ability of Western governments and companies to identifyand target Iranian influence operations, low public opinion, and vulnerabilities from U.S. and other Western soft power. Copy Courmont, Barthélemy. «L’ère des « soft wars » : l’exemple Washington-Beijing», Revue internationale et stratégique, vol. 104, no. 4, 2016, pp. 6-16. McGray, Douglas (1 May 2002). "Japan's Gross National Cool". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2011. Soft power and normative power in Europe (Ian Manners, A Ciambra, Thomas Diez, A Hyde Pryce, Richard Whitman)