Butterfly Brain

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Davis, A. K., Smith, F. M. & Ballew, A. M. A poor substitute for the real thing: captive-reared monarch butterflies are weaker, paler and have less elongated wings than wild migrants. Biol. Lett. 16, 20190922 (2020). IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. & Borm, G. The Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian–Laird method. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-25 (2014).

Today’s specimen of the week highlights one of the world’s longest animal migrations at 6,000 miles 1– completed by an insect! The secret of how they navigate is still being puzzled over by scientists, who remain amazed by the butterflies’ ability to always settle in the same specific destinations, despite the fact that, as experiments reveal, they have no internal map of their surroundings to go on 12. Finneran, M., Marotta, D. A., Altenburger, D. & Nardone, E. Long-term survival in a patient with butterfly glioblastoma: A case report. Cureus 12(2), e6914. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6914 (2020). Chaichana, K. L. et al. The butterfly effect on glioblastoma: Is volumetric extent of resection more effective than biopsy for these tumors?. J. Neurooncol. 120(3), 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-014-1597-9 (2014).

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Ormond, J. & O’Keefe, J. Hippocampal place cells have goal-oriented vector fields during navigation. Nature 607, 741–746 (2022). Gauthier, J. L. & Tank, D. W. A dedicated population for reward coding in the hippocampus. Neuron 99, 179–193.e177 (2018). DerSimonian, R. & Laird, N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials 7(3), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 (1986). Patel, R. N. & Cronin, T. W. Mantis shrimp navigate home using celestial and idiothetic path integration. Curr. Biol. 30, 1981–1987 e1983 (2020). Moore, J. J., Cushman, J. D., Acharya, L., Popeney, B. & Mehta, M. R. Linking hippocampal multiplexed tuning, Hebbian plasticity and navigation. Nature 599, 442–448 (2021).

The corpus callosum is the interhemispheric commissure. The fibers from the inferior frontal and anterior inferior parietal lobe cross in the genu. The fibers from the parietal lobe cross at the splenium. Therefore, the remaining fibers cross at the body of the corpus callosum.[ 1] The pathologies of the corpus callosum are various, including congenital malformation, demyelination, infectious diseases, traumatic lesions, and neoplasms. The pathological lesions primarily involve the corpus callosum; thus, these create bilateral hemispheric patterns results in a butterfly pattern.[ 2] Glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNL) have been mentioned as common histopathologies of the butterfly tumor.[ 3, 4] Furthermore, extramedullary myeloid sarcoma (granulocytic sacroma),[ 5] toxoplasmosis,[ 6] and neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis (Kufs disease) have been recently reported.[ 7] The human brainstem is also the most important channel of communication between the body and the brain, making it fundamental to our survival. This communication is made through both afferent fibers (body-brain) and efferent fibers (brain-body). While heading coding has been extensively studied in a variety of species 10, 55, 56, 57, 58, only little was known about goal direction coding 51. We here described the coding of GD neurons in the insect brain. The angular tuning of these neurons changed when the butterfly’s goal direction was reset (Fig. 2). More importantly, this change was tightly associated with the change in goal direction (Fig. 3g). In contrast to this, compass perturbations did not affect the angular tuning in the very same neurons (Fig. 3). This specific coding of the goal direction is well in line with very recent findings from the Drosophila brain 59 and confirms that the insect brain houses GD neurons similar to the ones previously discovered in the mammalian hippocampus 15. Consistent with our results, mammalian GD neurons did not represent heading information but were specifically tuned to the spatial goal. Some neurons in the mammalian hippocampus were additionally tuned to the goal distance 15, 21. Processing goal distance information is particularly important for vector navigation 26, 60 and for homing 61, 62. Recent results in the brain of a variety of insects show that the central complex additionally processes distance information 25, 63, making it highly likely that the insect GD neurons are also tuned to distance in the context of path-integration 64, 65, 66 or prey detection 63. Whether distance coding has any behavioral relevance in non-migratory or migratory monarch butterflies remains unclear. Like migratory birds, migratory monarch butterflies rely most likely on a stop signal rather than distance information to localize their migratory goal 67. Thus, it would not be surprising if the here described GD neurons in monarch butterflies do not encode distance information and purely encode directional information for short-distance dispersal (non-migratory) or long-distance migration (migratory).Herman, W. S. & Tatar, M. Juvenile hormone regulation of longevity in the migratory monarch butterfly. Proc. Biol. Sci. 268, 2509–2514 (2001). Some animals, on the other hand, go through a dramatic change that makes them almost unidentifiable from their larval form. They are so different, in fact, that they are known by different names in these two stages. The aquatic tadpole that changes into the semi-aquatic frog are the same animal, but merely in different stages of life. High-grade glioma has negative factors, including being aged >50 years, KPS score <70, glioblastoma subtype, tumor resection >98%, postoperative radiation, and temozolomide in the glioblastoma subtype.[ 12, 25, 26, 27]

onion bulb nerves: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies Petrucco, L. et al. Neural dynamics and architecture of the heading direction circuit in zebrafish. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 765–773 (2023). Fisher, Y. E. Flexible navigational computations in the Drosophila central complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 73, 102514 (2022).el Jundi, B. et al. A snapshot-based mechanism for celestial orientation. Curr. Biol. 26, 1456–1462 (2016). Lamborn, K. R., Chang, S. M. & Prados, M. D. Prognostic factors for survival of patients with glioblastoma: Recursive partitioning analysis. Neuro Oncol. 6(3), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1215/S1152851703000620 (2004).

The intracranial neoplasms involving the bilateral corpus callosum construct a midline configuration in the axial plain which looks like a butterfly in the head. The differential diagnoses in these lesions are infection,[ 13] trauma (diffuse axonal injury),[ 14] demyelinating disease,[ 15] or tumor.[ 3, 4] Therefore, the majority of butterfly lesions are primary malignant tumors, especially PCNL. In the literature, butterfly glioblastomas have frequently been mentioned.[ 3, 16, 17] Conversely, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas were more common than glioblastomas in the present study.We observed a substantial heterogeneity between the datasets for the 12- and 18-months outcomes (I 2 = 57% and I 2 = 70%, respectively). Therefore, we performed sensitivity analyses excluding each study individually and recalculating the RRs and 95% CI. The heterogeneity for the RR outcome at 12- and 18-months was reduced to I 2 = 0%, and the RR outcome at 12-months became significant in favor of resection (RR 0.68 [95% CI 0.48–0.97]) after excluding the study of Chaichana et al. 15. No evidence of heterogeneity between studies at the 6-months outcome was observed. Quality assessment All studies reported overall survival at 12-months (see Fig. 2b). No significant differences were found for the 12-months survival (RR 0.76 [95% CI 0.50–1.14]). 18-Months survival