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It Ain't Easy Being Wheezy T-Shirt - Funny Asthma Inhaler

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Dr Michael Marcus: Only that children are a bit less cooperative sometimes. They’re not always able to take the inhaled medications with the right technique and they need that supervision and guidance. The flip side though is that since parents really do control children’s lives and we tend to care for our children better than we care for ourselves, children are more likely to use their medication properly once the parent understands the need for the medication. Nassif A, Ostermayer DG, Hoang KB, Claiborne MK, Camp EA, Shah MI. Implementation of a Prehospital Protocol Change For Asthmatic Children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Jul-Aug;22(4):457-465. Joey Wahler (Host): Wow, what a great story and makes me wonder in closing here, when you’re able to impact lives like that, and I’m sure you’ve done so many times over since, how rewarding is that for you? First, the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles is stimulated by histamine and leukotriene, causing bronchoconstriction. Intravenous magnesium has been noted to produce good bronchodilation effects with pediatric patients in status asthmaticus. It is dosed at 50 mg/kg. Common side effects include skin flushing and hypotension, which is rarely clinically significant and responds well to fluid administration.

EMS responds to a residence for a seven-year-old male with a cough and trouble breathing. This episode began two hours ago and has been accompanied by a runny nose without any other symptoms. His mother has been treating him with albuterol by a nebulizer, but he has progressively become more short of breath. Past medical history is notable for asthma since infancy, with multiple prior hospitalizations. Stead L, Whiteside T. Evaluation of a new EMS asthma protocol in New York City: a preliminary report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999 Oct-Dec;3(4):338-42.Dr Michael Marcus: It’s what it’s all about. It’s why I became a physician. It’s what makes the work, the tediousness of writing notes, the headaches of management, it makes it all go away because ultimately that’s what we’re in this for, to help save lives. Once the EMS professional concludes that the most likely diagnosis is an asthma exacerbation, treatment centers around reversing bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation, correcting hypoxemia, rehydration and monitoring for complications – such as pneumothorax. Joey Wahler (Host): So how common is pediatric asthma? And is it any more or less prevalent than in years past?

Secondly, mucous glands and cells that line the lower airway are stimulated to secrete excessive mucous, which plugs the bronchioles. First-line treatment of an asthma patient with any degree of respiratory distress should be albuterol. It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and enhances mucous clearance. Ideally, albuterol is administered as a nebulized solution (2.5 mg per dose for patients less than 10 kg, and 5 mg per dose for patients greater than 10 kg). Common side effects include tachycardia and tremors. Rarely, children may experience arrhythmias, such as supraventricular tachycardia. Secondly, if a child has asthma, identify how severe the problem is with the help of a physician, and then decide whether the child can use medicine on an as needed basis, triggering only the symptoms of the disease or whether they’ve crossed that threshold of severity and they need daily prevention therapy. Breathing isn’t something most people think about but, for some, it doesn’t come naturally. Knowing your child has asthma is the first step to dealing with it. Dr. Michael Marcus discusses what to look out for and what to do about it.Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening condition of progressively-worsening bronchospasm and respiratory dysfunction due to asthma that is unresponsive to conventional therapy. It typically progresses into respiratory failure or arrest and requires aggressive ventilatory and pharmacological interventions. Joey Wahler (Host): Aha. So actually it’s not necessarily warmer climate as much as colder, dryer climate, which most people probably would not think is the case. Okay. So how about treating pediatric asthma. What are the common treatments? The child with status asthmaticus presents with air hunger. Because of the profound bronchoconstriction and minimal airflow through the bronchioles, wheezing is either faint or completely absent. Oxygen saturation levels often reflect severe hypoxia, with readings well below 90%. As hypoxemia worsens, the workload on the ventricles of the heart increases, and the child becomes profoundly acidotic from associated hypercarbia. Pediatric asthma interventions and management Dr Michael Marcus: There are two approaches that are important to take. One is to identify the triggers as best as possible. I do allergy testing, monitor the patient’s response in different environments and to different foods, so that if we can identify the triggers for their asthma and are able to avoid those triggers, we can decrease the risk of symptoms being set off. If a child is allergic to cats, for example, you certainly would rather not have a cat in the house and you definitely do want the cat in the child’s room ever. That’s just one example.

Joey Wahler (Host): Absolutely. Great to hear. Thanks again for the story. And of course, for all the other information. Folks, we trust your now more familiar with asthma in children. Dr. Michael Marcus, thanks so much again. Joey Wahler (Host): Asthma is a condition that adversely affects breathing, so we’re discussing pediatric asthma and how it’s treated. This is Maimo Med Talk. Thanks for listening. I’m Joey Wahler. Learn how to assess, monitor and manage pediatric asthma emergencies, as well as underlying pathophysiologic changes These pathophysiologic changes cause distal alveoli to trap air and become hyperinflated. As the amount of hyperinflated lung tissue expands, the child’s diaphragm is progressively flattened, causing a mechanical disruption of ventilation. Increased workload for ventilation is transferred onto smaller and weaker intercostal and suprasternal muscles, leading to rapid fatigue and onset of respiratory failure. Dylla L, Acquisto NM, Manzo F, Cushman JT. Dexamethasone-Related Perineal Burning in the Prehospital Setting: A Case Series. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Sep-Oct;22(5):655-658.Our guest from Maimonides is Dr. Michael Marcus, Director of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy Immunology and Vice Chair of the Pediatric Ambulatory Network. Dr. Marcus, thanks for joining us. Dr Michael Marcus: It’s a common question that I get and weather conditions by themselves really don’t affect asthma other than cold, dry air being a significant trigger for wheezing in patients with asthma. The thing about weather conditions and the thing about moving to different climates is much more related to the things that grow. And so, if you’re in the northeast, you have a certain type of pollen from the grass and the trees and the weeds that are common. If you move to someplace like Arizona, which is more hot and dry, the foliage and pollen in that area is very different. And so, if you hadn’t been exposed to that yet, you won’t have allergies to those things yet. But if you continue in those environments for a long period of time, eventually you develop allergies to those things and eventually the asthma symptoms return. Finally, fluid shifts into the walls of the lower airway, resulting in inflammation and a decrease in airway diameter. The net result is a narrowing of the small airways with increased resistance to airflow. Shah MN, Cushman JT, Davis CO, Bazarian JJ, Auinger P, Friedman B. The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008 Jul-Sep;12(3):269-76. The EMS1 Academy features “Capnography for BLS: Getting Started with Capnography,” a one-hour accredited course designed to introduce the benefits of capnography, present a basic understanding of the capnogram, and how to use it to explore the physiology of the respiratory cycle. Visit the EMS1 Academy to learn more and schedule a demo.

Dr Michael Marcus: It depends on the definition you use. The numbers say that probably about 10% of children will have some form of repeated episodes of wheezing and could be diagnosed as asthma. If you have a family history of asthma, there’s about a 30% chance that you’re going to develop asthma, as opposed to just the general population where that number’s about 10%.

Transcript

For critically ill children, several other adjunctive therapies may be considered. Early administration of corticosteroids in addition to inhaled beta 2 agonists is recommended, typically at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Intravenous epinephrine rapidly relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and is dosed at 1.0 mL of 1:10,000 concentration, administered over one minute. The addition of ipratropium bromide (0.5 mg per dose) to albuterol has been shown to influence a child’s outcome positively. The combination of ipratropium bromide and albuterol may be repeated, as needed, for persistent respiratory distress [3-7]. Dr Michael Marcus: It’s interesting, but roaches and mice both produce a potent protein that can trigger the same type of inflammatory reaction that leads to the symptoms of asthma. And so early and high concentration of exposure to those things will give a child greater symptoms of their asthma conditions.

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