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Confessions of a Sociopath: A Life Spent Hiding In Plain Sight

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Behavioral genetic studies have identified potential genetic and non-genetic contributors to psychopathy, including influences on brain function. Proponents of the triarchic model believe that psychopathy results from the interaction of genetic predispositions and an adverse environment. What is adverse may differ depending on the underlying predisposition: for example, it is hypothesized that persons having high boldness may respond poorly to punishment but may respond better to rewards and secure attachments. [1] [4] Genetic [ edit ] It has been suggested that psychopathy is associated with "instrumental aggression", also known as predatory, proactive, or "cold blooded" aggression, a form of aggression characterized by reduced emotion and conducted with a goal differing from but facilitated by the commission of harm. [86] [87] One conclusion in this regard was made by a 2002 study of homicide offenders, which reported that the homicides committed by homicidal offenders with psychopathy were almost always (93.3%) primarily instrumental, significantly more than the proportion (48.4%) of those committed by non-psychopathic homicidal offenders, with the instrumentality of the homicide also correlated with the total PCL-R score of the offender as well as their scores on the Factor 1 "interpersonal-affective" dimension. However, contrary to the equating of this to mean exclusively "in cold blood", more than a third of the homicides committed by psychopathic offenders involved some component of emotional reactivity as well. [88] In any case, FBI profilers indicate that serious victim injury is generally an emotional offense, and some research supports this, at least with regard to sexual offending. One study has found more serious offending by non-psychopathic offenders on average than by offenders with psychopathy (e.g. more homicides versus more armed robbery and property offenses) and another that the Affective facet of the PCL-R predicted reduced offense seriousness. [4]

Dadds, Mark; etal. (2010). "Learning to 'talk the talk': the relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood". The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 50 (5): 599–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02058.x. PMID 19445007.

An underlying sense of rage

Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report. New York: Basic Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1. Bartels, M.; Hudziak, J. J.; van den Oord, E. J. C. G.; van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M.; Rietveld, M. J. H.; Boomsma, D. I. (2003-09-01). "Co-occurrence of Aggressive Behavior and Rule-Breaking Behavior at Age 12: Multi-Rater Analyses". Behavior Genetics. 33 (5): 607–621. doi: 10.1023/a:1025787019702. ISSN 0001-8244. PMID 14574136. S2CID 8480586. Archived from the original on 2020-10-14 . Retrieved 2018-10-25. Harris, Grant T.; Rice, Marnie E.; Quinsey, Vernon L. (1994). "Psychopathy as a taxon: Evidence that psychopaths are a discrete class". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 62 (2): 387–97. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.387. PMID 8201078. Weber, Sabrina; Habel, Ute; Amunts, Katrin; Schneider, Frank (2008). "Structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths—a review". Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 26 (1): 7–28. doi: 10.1002/bsl.802. PMID 18327824. Morton, Robert J. "Serial Murder". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010 . Retrieved January 1, 2011.

The PCL-R was developed for research, not clinical forensic diagnosis, and even for research purposes to improve understanding of the underlying issues, it is necessary to examine dimensions of personality in general rather than only a constellation of traits. [4] [49] Personality dimensions [ edit ]Dunlop, Boadie W.; DeFife, Jared A.; Marx, Lauren; Garlow, Steven J.; Nemeroff, Charles B.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (1 November 2011). "The Effects of Sertraline on Psychopathic Traits". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 26 (6): 329–337. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32834b80df. ISSN 0268-1315. PMC 3202964. PMID 21909028. a b c d e Glenn, Andrea L.; Kurzban, Robert; Raine, Adrian (2011). "Evolutionary theory and psychopathy". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 16 (5): 371–380. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.009. Psychopathy has been associated with amorality—an absence of, indifference towards, or disregard for moral beliefs. There are few firm data on patterns of moral judgment. Studies of developmental level (sophistication) of moral reasoning found all possible results—lower, higher or the same as non-psychopaths. Studies that compared judgments of personal moral transgressions versus judgments of breaking conventional rules or laws found that psychopaths rated them as equally severe, whereas non-psychopaths rated the rule-breaking as less severe. [136] A large body of research suggests that psychopathy is associated with atypical responses to distress cues from other people, more precisely an impaired emotional empathy in the recognition of, and response to, facial expressions, body gestures and vocal tones of fear, sadness, pain and happiness. [123] [71] This impaired recognition and reduced autonomic responsiveness might be partly accounted for by a decreased activation of the fusiform and extrastriate cortical regions. [71] The underlying biological surfaces for processing expressions of happiness are functionally intact in psychopaths, although less responsive than those of controls. The neuroimaging literature is unclear as to whether deficits are specific to particular emotions such as fear. The overall pattern of results across studies indicates that people diagnosed with psychopathy demonstrate reduced MRI, fMRI, aMRI, PET, and SPECT activity in areas of the brain. [124] Research has also shown that an approximate 18% smaller amygdala size contributes to a significantly lower emotional sensation in regards to fear, sadness, amongst other negative emotions, which may likely be the reason as to why psychopathic individuals have lower empathy. [125] Some recent fMRI studies have reported that emotion perception deficits in psychopathy are pervasive across emotions (positives and negatives). [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] Studies on children with psychopathic tendencies have also shown such associations. [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] Meta-analyses have also found evidence of impairments in both vocal and facial emotional recognition for several emotions (i.e., not only fear and sadness) in both adults and children/adolescents. [135] Moral judgment [ edit ] Hawes, Samuel W.; Byrd, Amy L.; Waller, Rebecca; Lynam, Donald R.; Pardini, Dustin A. (2017-01-01). "Late childhood interpersonal callousness and conduct problem trajectories interact to predict adult psychopathy". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 58 (1): 55–63. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12598. ISSN 1469-7610. PMC 5340563. PMID 27516046.

Michael Fitzgerald suggested overlaps between (primary) psychopathy and Asperger Syndrome in terms of fearlessness, planning of acts, empathy deficits, callous behaviour, and sometimes superficial charisma. [192] Studies investigating similarities and differences between psychopathy and autism indicate that autism and psychopathy are not part of the same construct. Rather both conditions might co-occur in some individuals. [193] Recent studies indicate that some individuals with an autism diagnosis also show callous and unemotional traits (a risk-factor for developing psychopathy), [194] but are less strongly associated with conduct problems. [195] Likewise, some people with an Asperger Syndrome Diagnosis have shown correlations with the "unemotional" factor and "behavioural dyscontrol" factor of psychopathy, but not the "interpersonal" factor. [196] Blanchard, Alyson; Lyons, Minna (2010). "An investigation into the relationship between digit length ratio (2D: 4D) and psychopathy". The British Journal of Forensic Practice. 12 (2): 23–31. doi: 10.5042/bjfp.2010.0183. The PCL-R, the PCL:SV, and the PCL:YV are highly regarded and widely used in criminal justice settings, particularly in North America. They may be used for risk assessment and for assessing treatment potential and be used as part of the decisions regarding bail, sentence, which prison to use, parole, and regarding whether a youth should be tried as a juvenile or as an adult. There have been several criticisms against its use in legal settings. They include the general criticisms against the PCL-R, the availability of other risk assessment tools which may have advantages, and the excessive pessimism surrounding the prognosis and treatment possibilities of those who are diagnosed with psychopathy. [4] a b c Andrade, Joel (23 Mar 2009). Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment and Treatment: New Approaches for Mental Health Professionals. New York City: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-9904-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved January 5, 2014– via Google Books. Burgy, M. (2008). "The Concept of Psychosis: Historical and Phenomenological Aspects". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (6): 1200–10. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm136. PMC 2632489. PMID 18174608.

Who develops antisocial personality disorder?

Bonn, Scott A. (August 2014). "Psychopathic Criminals Cannot Be Cured". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2016. Psychopathy has been associated with commission of sexual crime, with some researchers arguing that it is correlated with a preference for violent sexual behavior. A 2011 study of conditional releases for Canadian male federal offenders found that psychopathy was related to more violent and non-violent offences but not more sexual offences. [ citation needed] For child molesters, psychopathy was associated with more offences. [97] A study on the relationship between psychopathy scores and types of aggression in a sample of sexual murderers, in which 84.2% of the sample had PCL-R scores above 20 and 47.4% above 30, found that 82.4% of those with scores above 30 had engaged in sadistic violence (defined as enjoyment indicated by self-report or evidence) compared to 52.6% of those with scores below 30, and total PCL-R and Factor 1 scores correlated significantly with sadistic violence. [98] [99] Despite this, it is reported that offenders with psychopathy (both sexual and non-sexual offenders) are about 2.5 times more likely to be granted conditional release compared to non-psychopathic offenders. [97] a b Kiehl K. A. (2006). "A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction". Psychiatry Research. 142 (2–3): 107–128. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.013. PMC 2765815. PMID 16712954. Paulhus, Delroy L.; Williams, Kevin M. (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of Personality". Journal of Research in Personality. New York City: Elsevier. 36 (6): 556–563. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6. S2CID 6535576.

O'Nions, Elizabeth (2015). et al. "Examining the genetic and environmental associations between autistic social and communication deficits and psychopathic callous-unemotional traits". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134331. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1034331O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134331. PMC 4556482. PMID 26325039. These signs are not part of a schizophrenic or manic episode – they're part of a person's everyday personality and behaviour. a b c Coid, Jeremy; Yang, Min; Ullrich, Simone; Roberts, Amanda; Moran, Paul; Bebbington, Paul; Brugha, Traolach; Jenkins, Rachel; Farrell, Michael; Lewis, Glyn; Singleton, Nicola; Hare, Robert (May 2009). "Psychopathy among prisoners in England and Wales". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier. 32 (3): 134–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.008. PMID 19345418. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016. a b c d Neumann, Craig S.; Hare, Robert D. (2008). "Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 76 (5): 893–9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893. PMID 18837606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-03. The term psychopathic came to be used to describe a diverse range of dysfunctional or antisocial behavior and mental and sexual deviances, including at the time homosexuality. It was often used to imply an underlying "constitutional" or genetic origin. Disparate early descriptions likely set the stage for modern controversies about the definition of psychopathy. [4] 20th century [ edit ]Psychopathy is a mental health condition characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits. [1] [2] [3] Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history that are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory. [4] The media usually uses the term psychopath to designate any criminal whose offenses are particularly abhorrent and unnatural, but that is not its original or general psychiatric meaning. [23] Sociopathy [ edit ]

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