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Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995). "Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics". J. Nutr. 125 (6): 1401–12. doi: 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401. PMID 7782892.
The last subgroup analysis was based on different depressive rating scales. Figure 4d shows that whether assessed by HDRS or BDI, the overall efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in improving depressive symptoms was more significant than placebo (HDRS: SMD = -0.48 [-0.65, -0.30], P< 0.01; BDI: SMD = -0.36[-0.56, -0.17], P< 0.01). The heterogeneity of each subgroup and between subgroups was nonsignificant (HDRS: I 2 = 27.7%, P = 0.198; BDI: I 2 = 0.0%, P = 0.769; heterogeneity between subgroups: P = 0.408). The result of meta-regression Swanson KS, Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Reimer RA, Reid G, Verbeke K, Scott KP, Holscher HD, Azad MB, Delzenne NM, Sanders ME (2020) The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:687–701Using prebiotics and probiotics in combination may be described as synbiotic, but the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization recommends that the term "synbiotic" be used only if the net health benefit is synergistic. [7] Synbiotic formulations in combination with pasteurized breast milk are under preliminary clinical research for their potential to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, although there was insufficient evidence to warrant recommending synbiotics for this use as of 2016. [8] Examples [ edit ] Supports gut ease from occasional gastrointestinal discomfort associated with increased intestinal transit time†
Singh P, Manning SD. Impact of age and sex on the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiota in individuals with and without enteric infections. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26(5):380–5. Soleimani A, Motamedzadeh A, ZarratiMojarrad M, Bahmani F, Amirani E, Ostadmohammadi V, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Asemi Z (2019) The effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic status in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 11:1248–1256 Two reviewers independently extracted the data from the included articles, and any conflicts were resolved by discussion with the corresponding author. The following data were extracted: (1) basic information of studies including first author, publication year, country, and study design; (2) population characteristics including clinical diagnosis of depression, diagnostic criteria, duration of depression, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), education; (3) intervention characteristics including the types of intervention (prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics), probiotic strains, dosage, intervention duration, usage of antidepressant drugs; (4) the change in rating scales for depression, depression-related biomedical indicators, microbiome taxa, α and β diversity (α diversity represents the richness and evenness of the microbial community in individual samples, while β diversity evaluates interindividual diversity that assesses dissimilarity of microbial communities compared with the other samples analyzed). Quality assessment Chahwan B, et al. Gut feelings: a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2019;253:317–26.Dumitrescu L, Popescu-Olaru I, Cozma L, Tulbă D, Hinescu ME, Ceafalan LC, Gherghiceanu M, Popescu BO (2018) Oxidative stress and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:2406594 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Uganda The EU-registered probiotic Enterococcus faecium (DSM 10663/ NCIMB 10415) 4b1707, to help repopulate the intestine with beneficial micro-organisms.
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