Big Brown Bear

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The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana. [219] The California golden bear is the state animal of California. [220] Both animals are subspecies of the brown bear and the species was extirpated from the latter state. Alaska is bear territory!". Alaska Office of Economic Development. Dced.state.ak.us. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 October 2009. Maria Pasitschniak-Arts (23 April 1993). "Ursus arctos" (PDF). Mammalian Species (439): 1–10. doi: 10.2307/3504138. JSTOR 3504138. Nawaz, Muhammad Ali; Swenson, Jon E.; Zakaria, Vaqar (2008). "Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan's Deosai National Park". Biological Conservation. 141 (#9): 2230. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.012. Larivière, S. (2001). " Ursus americanus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (647): 1–11. doi: 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)647<0001:ua>2.0.co;2. S2CID 198968922. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016.

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Clevenger, A. P.; Purroy, F. J.; Pelton, M. R. (1992). "Food habits of brown bears ( Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (2): 415–421. doi: 10.2307/1382077. JSTOR 1382077. Halloran, D. W.; Pearson, A. M. (1972). "Blood chemistry of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 50 (#6): 827–833. doi: 10.1139/z72-112. PMID 5038730.Frković, A.; Huber, D. & Kusak, J. (2001). "Brown bear litter sizes in Croatia". Ursus. 12: 103–105. JSTOR 3873235.

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Kaczensky, P.; Huber, D.; Knauer, F.; Roth, H.; Wagner, A.; Kusak, J. (2006). "Activity patterns of brown bears ( Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia". Journal of Zoology. 269 (#4): 474−485. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00114.x. Even in populations living in protected areas, humans are still the leading cause of mortality for brown bears. [3] [166] [170] The largest amount of legalized brown bear hunting occurs in Canada, Finland, Russia, Slovakia and Alaska. [73] Hunting is unregulated in many areas within the range of the brown bear. Even where hunting is legally permitted, most biologists feel that the numbers hunted are excessive considering the low reproduction rate and sparse distribution of the species. [3] [128] [168] Brown bears are also killed in collisions with automobiles, which is a significant cause of mortality in the United States and Europe. [171] [172] Relationship with humans Conflicts between bears and humans Ancient depiction of a brown bear in the arena ( Papyrus 3053) a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 23 April 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2017. The brown bear is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. [73] Throughout life, this species is regularly curious about the potential of eating virtually any organism or object that they encounter. Food that is both abundant and easily accessed or caught is preferred. Their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits. Their diet varies enormously throughout their differing areas based on opportunity.Busch, Robert (2004). The Grizzly Almanac. Globe Pequot Press. pp.11–14. ISBN 978-1-5922-8320-0 . Retrieved 21 October 2014. [ permanent dead link] Gunther, K. A.; Haroldson, M. A.; Frey, K.; Cain, S. L.; Copeland, J.; Schwartz, C. C. (2004). "Grizzly bear-human conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 1992–2000" (PDF). Ursus. 15 (#1): 10–22. doi: 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0010:gbcitg>2.0.co;2. S2CID 86821625. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Kurtén, B. (1966). "Pleistocene bears of North America: Genus Tremarctos, spectacled bears". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 115: 1–96. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). " Ursus arctos". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.588–589. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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Brown Bear predation of Amur Tiger 1973 account". International Wildlife Magazine. 20 October 2009. There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies, as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies. [28] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Generally, genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are (or their genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, so this can become confusing. Hall (1981) lists 86 different types, and even as many as 90 have been proposed. [29] [30] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears, [31] [32] while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. [33] As of 2005 [update], 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community. [34] [35] Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia. [21] [22] The brown bear, per Kurten (1976), has been stated as "clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago; spread into Europe, to the New World." [23] A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species complex approximately 1.2–1.4million years ago, but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear before perishing. [24] The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5million years ago. Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after. [21] [25] Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where it is thought they might have outcompeted cave bears ( Ursus spelaeus). The species entered Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago. [21] It is speculated that brown bears were unable to migrate south until the extinction of the much larger giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus). [26] [27] a b c d McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). "A Review of bear evolution" (PDF). Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage. 9 (1): 85–96. doi: 10.2307/3872687. JSTOR 3872687. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

Martínez‐Abraín, A.; Jiménez, J.; Oro, D. (2018). "Pax Romana: 'refuge abandonment' and spread of fearless behavior in a reconciling world". Animal Conservation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc ( Zoological Society of London (ZSL)). 22 (1): 3–13. doi: 10.1111/acv.12429. ISSN 1367-9430. S2CID 89938098. Whitaker, J. O., & Elman, R. (1996). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals (p. 992). New York: Knopf. a b c d e f Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999), Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF), vol.44, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 , retrieved 18 November 2019 Hailer, F.; Kutschera, V. E.; Hallstrom, B. M.; Klassert, D.; Fain, S. R.; Leonard, J. A.; Arnason, U.; Janke, A. (2012). "Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage". Science. 336 (6, 079): 344–247. Bibcode: 2012Sci...336..344H. doi: 10.1126/science.1216424. hdl: 10261/58578. PMID 22517859. S2CID 12671275.

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Lindqvist, C.; Schuster, S. C.; Sun, Y.; etal. (2010). "Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): 5053–5057. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..107.5053L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914266107. PMC 2841953. PMID 20194737. Smith, Herrero; DeBruyn, Wilde (2008). "Spray more effective than guns against bears: study". North American Bear Center. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. The world's largest brown bears are found in coastal British Columbia and Alaska, and on islands such as Kodiak. Hibernation and BehaviorPeirce, K. N.; Van Daele, L. J. (2006). "Use of a garbage dump by brown bears in Dillingham, Alaska". Ursus. 17 (2): 165–177. doi: 10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[165:uoagdb]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 3873094. S2CID 54802857. Sandell, M. (1989). "The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores". Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Springer. pp.164–182. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_7. ISBN 978-1-4613-0855-3. The scientific name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin ursus, meaning "bear", [19] and the Greek ἄρκτος/ arktos, also meaning "bear". [20] Generalized names and evolution Seryodkin, I. (2006). The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin (PhD) (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern National University. pp.1–252. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Blanchard, B. M.; Knight, R. R. (1995). "Biological consequences of relocating grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 59 (#3): 560–565. doi: 10.2307/3802463. JSTOR 3802463.