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Janeway's Immunobiology

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Bacterial peptides, mediators of inflammatory responses, and chemokines signal through members of the seven-transmembrane-domain, trimeric G protein-coupled receptor family An adaptive immune response is initiated when circulating T cells encounter their corresponding antigen in draining lymphoid tissues and become activated

Repeated immunizations lead to increasing affinity of antibody owing to somatic hypermutation and selection by antigen in germinal centers An important question is whether vaccination can be used therapeutically to control existing chronic infections

Excerpt

Fc receptors on phagocytes are activated by antibodies bound to the surface of pathogens and enable the phagocytes to ingest and destroy pathogens The beginning of immunology as a science is usually attributed to Edward Jenner for his work in the late 18th century (Fig. 1.1). Cyclosporin A, FK506 (tacrolimus), and rapamycin (sirolimus) are powerful immunosuppressive agents that interfere with T-cell signaling

Kenneth Murphy is the Eugene Opie First Centennial Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He received his MD/PhD degree from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Lymphocyte development and survival are determined by signals received through their antigen receptors Most thymocytes express receptors that cannot interact with self MHC and these cells die in the thymus Future studies of autoimmunity and graft rejection should allow control of immune responses to one's own body or to a piece borrowed from someone else Fully phosphorylated ITAMs bind the protein tyrosine kinases Syk and ZAP-70 and enable them to be activated

Contents

Transport proteins that bind to the Fc regions of antibodies carry particular isotypes across epithelial barriers The development of transplantable tumors in mice led to the discovery that mice could mount a protective immune response against tumors Antigen-binding B cells are trapped in the T-cell zone of secondary lymphoid tissues and are activated by encounter with armed helper T cells A specific response against infection by potential pathogens, such as the of antibodies against a particular pathogen, is known as adaptive immunity because it develops during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen. Intracellular signaling components recruited to activated receptors transmit the signal onward from the membrane and amplify it

Controlled administration of antigen can be used to manipulate the nature of an antigen-specific response Cytokines made in the early phases of an infection influence the functional differentiation of CD4 T cells Positive selection coordinates the expression of CD4 or CD8 with the specificity of the T-cell receptor and the potential effector functions of the cell Downstream events are mediated by proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines and bind to and activate other proteins

Mast cells, basophils, and activated eosinophils bind IgE antibody via the high-affinity Fcε receptor Sophisticated means of host defense were hard-wired in the genome by the time organisms diverged into plants and animals It was soon clear that specific antibodies could be induced against a vast range of substances, called antigens because they could stimulate antibody generation. We are continually exposed to microorganisms, many of which cause disease, and yet become ill only rarely. Activation of specialized antigen-presenting cells is a necessary first step for induction of adaptive immunity

Transcription of the HIV provirus depends on host cell transcription factors induced upon the activation of infected T cells The immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotypes are distinguished by the structure of their constant regions Chapter 15. Afterword: Evolution of the Immune System: Past, Present, and Future, by Charles A. Janeway, Jr Variable addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between gene segments contributes to diversity in the third hypervariable regionThe variable chains of lymphocyte antigen receptors are associated with invariant accessory chains that carry out the signaling function of the receptor

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