Desert Jungle

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Kutzbach, J.E. (2 October 1981). "Monsoon Climate of the Early Holocene: Climate Experiment with the Earth's Orbital Parameters for 9000 Years Ago". Science. 214 (4516): 59–61. Bibcode: 1981Sci...214...59K. doi: 10.1126/science.214.4516.59. PMID 17802573. S2CID 10388125. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan region of sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.

The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime, and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 millimetre (0.04in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 millimetres (0.8in). Of the 9,000,000 square kilometres (3,500,000sqmi) of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 square kilometres (1,100,000sqmi) (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 millimetres (0.4in) or less, while some 1,500,000 square kilometres (580,000sqmi) (about 17% of the total area) receives an average of 5 millimetres (0.2in) or less. [25]

New Cairo, Egypt

Dean, Warren (1976). Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920. Stanford University Press. In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Traders exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactured goods from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans. The Gobi Desert, in China and Mongolia, lies hundreds of kilometers from the ocean. Winds that reach the Gobi have long since lost their moisture. The Gobi is also in the rain shadow of the Himalaya mountains to the south. Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea Hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.

Yan, Qing; Contoux, Camille; Camille Li; Schuster, Mathieu; Ramstein, Gilles; Zhang, Zhongshi (17 September 2014). "Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene". Nature. 513 (7518): 401–404. Bibcode: 2014Natur.513..401Z. doi: 10.1038/nature13705. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25230661. S2CID 205240355. Dean, Warren (1997). Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History. Cambridge University Press. We found ourselves in an open space that expanded on and on, populated by the blinking lights of trawlers floating off the coast and the right-angled monoliths of Dungeness A and Dungeness B shimmering inland. Beneath our boots the shingle shifted like a bed of atoms. Millions of years stretched between the flints whose striking once sparked fire and the nuclear power station whose waste will last for a million more, a monument to eternity and to extreme fragility. For a moment in the dark we stood between the past and the future; between what lay beneath our feet and what looms on the horizon. Finding wonder on our shores – more unlikely UK landscapes Griffiths, John F.; Driscoll, Dennis M. (1982). Survey of Climatology. C.E. Merrill Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-675-09994-3. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 25 August 2020.

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At times the wind was so intense that it almost forced us to retreat, or into the shelter of barriers raised against the sea, but soon there was no shelter left. Ahead lay only pebbles. The emptiness seemed immense and we became extremely small. Distances were hard to gauge, proportions misaligned. The landscape’s sheer outlandishness was briefly enough to jolt me free from time and place. It made my country foreign Deserthumidity is usually so low that not enough water vapor exists to form clouds. The sun’s rays beat down through cloudless skies and bake the land. The ground heats the air so much that air rises in waves you can actually see. These shimmering waves confuse the eye, causing travelers to see distorted images called mirages. El-Said, Mohammed (29 January 2018). "Near-perfect fossils of Egyptian dinosaur discovered in the Sahara desert". Nature Middle East. doi: 10.1038/nmiddleeast.2018.7. Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver (2005). Tropical Forests & Global Atmospheric Change. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856706-6.

Air transportation and the development of air conditioning have made the sunny climate of deserts even more accessible and attractive to people from colder regions. Populations at resorts like Palm Springs, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada, have boomed. Desert parks, such as Death Valley National Park, California, attract thousands of visitors every year. People who migrate to the warm, dry desert for the winter and return to more temperate climates in the spring are sometimes called “ snowbirds.” Construction of the Aswan High Dam was a huge engineering project. Local desert communities can divertrivers on a smaller scale. Throughout the Middle East, communities have dug artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons. In countries like Yemen, artificial wadis can carry enough water for whitewater rafting trips during certain times of the year. Plants and animals adapt to desert habitats in many ways. Desert plants grow far apart, allowing them to obtain as much water around them as possible. This spacing gives some desert regions a desolate appearance. The Munduruku were a warlike tribe that expanded along the Tapajós river and its tributaries and were feared by neighboring tribes. In the early 19th century, the Munduruku were pacified and subjugated by the Brazilians. [11]Campaigners' anger after huge surge in rainforest blazes". Sky News. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020 . Retrieved November 5, 2020. Wright, S. Joseph (October 12, 2001). "Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence". Oecologia. 130 (1): 1–14. Bibcode: 2002Oecol.130....1W. doi: 10.1007/s004420100809. PMID 28547014. S2CID 4863115. a b Oliver, John E. (23 April 2008). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2020. The Chinkara or Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii) is a common antelope of this region. The national park's other notable inhabitants are the desert fox, wolf and desert cat. Birdlife in this sandy habitat is vivid and spectacular. Birds such as sandgrouse, partridges, bee-eaters, larks, and shrikes are commonly seen. In the winter, the birdlife is augmented by species such as the demoiselle crane and MacQueen's bustard.

Wynne, R.H.; Joseph, K.A.; Browder, J.O.; Summers, P.M. (2007). "A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 28 (6): 1299–1315. Bibcode: 2007IJRS...28.1299W. doi: 10.1080/01431160600928609. S2CID 128603494. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008 . Retrieved September 4, 2008. Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis (Abridgeded.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89947-3. While I wanted to venture further than the Gray’s Inn Road, the idea that wonder, mystery, awe, new worlds and undiscovered realms might lie a train ride away, rather than on a carbon-intensive flight to the far side of the globe, opened up possibilities for a different type of travel. What other unlikely landscapes might be lurking out there, ready to snatch the unwary traveller into the outlandish? Lewinsohn, Thomas M.; Paulo Inácio Prado (June 2005). "How Many Species Are There in Brazil?". Conservation Biology. 19 (3): 619–624. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x. S2CID 84691981. Stager, J.C.; Johnson, T.C. (2008). "The late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and the origin of its endemic biota". Hydrobiologia. 596: 5–16. doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9158-2. S2CID 42372016.It is also proposed that humans accelerated the drying-out period from 6000 to 2500 BCE by pastoralists overgrazing available grassland. [39] Evidence for cycles The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert. [17] [18] It is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from the upper troposphere usually descends, warming and drying the lower troposphere and preventing cloud formation.