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Ravensden Soft Toy Orangutan Sitting 28cm

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Orangutans are primarily fruit-eaters, which can take up 57–80% of their foraging time. Even during times of scarcity, fruit is 16% of their feeding time. Fruits with soft pulp, arils or seed-walls are consumed the most, particularly figs but also drupes and berries. [23] :65 Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the vine species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine. [49]

The three orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae. This subfamily also includes extinct apes such as Lufengpithecus, which occurred 8–2 mya in southern China and Thailand. [18] :50 Indopithecus, which lived in India from 9.2 to 8.6 mya; and Sivapithecus, which lived in India and Pakistan from 12.5mya until 8.5mya. [27] These animals likely lived in drier and cooler environments than orangutans do today. Khoratpithecus piriyai, which lived 5–7mya in Thailand, is believed to be the closest known relative of the living orangutans and inhabited similar environments. [18] :50 The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, from 2mya to 300,000years ago. [28] [18] :50

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cribb, Robert; Gilbert, Helen; Tiffin, Helen (2014). Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3714-3. The Great Ape House and Think Tank are home to seven orangutans: Kiko, Kyle, Bonnie, Iris, Batang, Lucy and Redd. The orangutans are highly social but semi-solitary in the wild, so they live in small, flexible social groups at the Zoo. The two males, Kiko and Kyle, are not housed together, but the females have the flexibility to choose which group to join. The older orangutans at the Zoo are hybrids of Bornean (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran (Pongo abelii) orangutans—they have one Bornean parent and one Sumatran parent. Orangutans are managed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Species Survival Plan (SSP), which seeks to maintain a genetically diverse, and healthy population of both Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan in the 17th century. [18] :60 Explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. In 1779, Dutch anatomist Petrus Camper, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens, gave the first scientific description of the orangutan. [18] :64–65 Camper mistakenly thought that flanged and unflanged male orangutans were different species, a misconception corrected after his death. [102] Another significant threat to orangutan survival is hunting for meat and capture of wild orangutans for sale into the pet trade. This practice is closely tied to what is called swidden agriculture: as locals burn fires to clear forested areas, orangutans within those areas flee from the conflagration and are captured for meat or sale. Iris is an adult female hybrid orangutan. She’s charismatic and can be quite silly and playful, but also quite stubborn at times. She is the star of several cognitive research programs and enjoys participating in daily research demonstrations at Think Tank. She was born at the Zoo on April 15, 1987, and was named after the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) because of her birth date.

Oaks, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists: From Around the World. Facts on File. p.260. ISBN 978-0816041305. On February 25th, Redditors /u/notsimmi and /u/mijuzz7 uploaded original image macros to /r/dankmemes [10] [11] using exploited versions of "where banana," garnering over 56,000 upvotes and 25,700 upvotes in a week respectively (shown below, left and right). All three species are critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals. [115] [116] [117] They are legally protected from capture, harm or killing in both Malaysia and Indonesia, [118] and are listed under Appendix I by CITES, which prohibits their unlicensed trade under international law. [119] The Bornean orangutan range has become more fragmented, with few or no apes documented in the southeast. [116] The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the Sabangau River, but this environment is at risk. [120] The Sumatran orangutan is found only in the northern part of Sumatra, most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem. [115] The Tapanuli orangutan is found only in the Batang Toru forest of Sumatra. [117] Deforestation for palm oil production in Indonesia a b Rubis, June Mary (2020). "The orang utan is not an indigenous name: knowing and naming the maias as a decolonizing epistemology". Cultural Studies. 34 (5): 811–30. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2020.1780281. S2CID 221192990.

Martinelli, D. (2010). A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics: People, Paths, Ideas. Springer. pp.218–19. ISBN 978-90-481-9248-9. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015. Voigt, M; Wich, S. A.; Ancrenaz, M; etal. (2018). "Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans". Current Biology. 28 (5): P761–769.E5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053. PMID 29456144. S2CID 3756682.

a b Singleton, I.; van Schaik, C. P. (2002). "The Social Organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans". Folia Primatologica. 73 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1159/000060415. PMID 12065937. S2CID 13557435.

Conservation

Bower, B. (18 April 2011). "Orangutans use simple tools to catch fish". Wired. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013. van Noordwijk, Maria A.; Sauren, Simone E.B.; Nuzuar; Abulani, Ahbam; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Development of Independence". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. p.199. ISBN 978-0199213276. The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011. [21] [22] Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan became the third species of great ape to have its genome sequenced. Subsequently, the Bornean species had its genome sequenced. Bornean orangutans ( P.pygmaeus) have less genetic diversity than in Sumatran ones ( P.abelii), despite populations being six to seven times higher in Borneo. The researchers hope these data may help conservationists preserve the endangered ape, as well as learn more about human genetic diseases. [22] Similarly to gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans have 48 diploid chromosomes, in contrast to humans, which have 46. [23] :30

Goossens, B; Mohd, D; Kapar; Kahar, S (2011). "First Sighting of Bornean Orangutan Twins in the Wild". Asian Primates Journal. 2 (1): 10–12. van Schaik, C. P. (1999). "The socioecology of fission-fusion sociality in orangutans". Primates. 40 (1): 69–86. doi: 10.1007/BF02557703. PMID 23179533. S2CID 13366732. Wich, Serge A.; de Vries, Hans; Ancrenaz, Marc; Perkins, Lori; Shumaker, Robert W.; Suzuki, Akira; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Orangutan life history variation". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp.67–68. ISBN 978-0199213276. Russon, A. E.; Compost, A.; Kuncoro, P.; Ferisa, A. (2014). "Orangutan Fish Eating, Primate Aquatic Fauna Eating, and Their Implications for the Origins of Ancestral Hominin Fish Eating". Journal of Human Evolution. 77: 50–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007. PMID 25038033. Hilloowala, R. A.; Trent, R. B. (1988). "Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus I: Primates". Human Evolution. 3 (5): 343–50. doi: 10.1007/BF02447216. S2CID 83923845.

Russon, AE; Handayani, DP; Kuncoro, P; Ferisa, A. (2007). "Orangutan leaf-carrying for nest-building: toward unraveling cultural processes". Animal Cognition. 10 (2): 189–202. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0058-z. PMID 17160669. S2CID 6875716. van Schaik, C. P.; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merrill, M.; etal. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–05. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299..102V. doi: 10.1126/science.1078004. PMID 12511649. S2CID 25139547. a b Teboekhorst, I.; Schürmann, C.; Sugardjito, J. (1990). "Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatera, Indonesia)". Animal Behaviour. 39 (6): 1098–1109. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80782-1. S2CID 54322235. Fox, Elizabeth A (2001). "Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii)". American Journal of Primatology. 55 (3): 177–81. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1051. PMID 11746281. S2CID 21561581.

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