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a b Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York. The population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter. [196] London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011, [29] while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 12–14million, depending on the definition used. [197] According to Eurostat, London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001. [198] a b White, Matthew. "The rise of cities in the 18th century". British Library . Retrieved 11 June 2022. About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2009.
What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, University of York". University of York . Retrieved 16 April 2021. London has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0mm) in April 1893. [148] The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308mm). [149] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600mm, which is half the annual rainfall of New York City. [150] Despite its relatively low annual precipitation, London still receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0mm threshold annually. However, London is vulnerable to climate change in the United Kingdom, and there is increasing concern among hydrological experts that London households may run out of water before 2050. [151] Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park [217] and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Middle-Eastern Arab Muslims based themselves around Mayfair, Kensington and Knightsbridge in West London. [218] [219] [220] There are large Bengali Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. [221] Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rded.). Oxford University Press. pp.538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day, [307] meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8million use a bike on an average day. [308] Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a bicycle hire scheme in July 2010 was successful and generally well received. [309] Port and river boatsMPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2013. The London Plan". Greater London Authority. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2012. The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. [108] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues. [109] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital. [110] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. [111]
English language – Characteristics of Modern English". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 April 2021. In the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. [66] Off-peak fares - at all other times and if you travel from a station outside Zone 1 to a station in Zone 1 between 16:00 and 19:00, Monday to Friday Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021". ons.gov.uk. London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights.According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government', [140] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town' and many other authorities. [141] The London Plan (March 2015)". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2021. Early this morning, an area of heavy and showery rain will clear eastwards to leave variable cloud, sunny spells and blustery showers, easing for a time in the afternoon. Remaining windy. Eden, Philip (9 June 2004). "Ever Warmer as Temperatures Rival France". London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 March 2021. Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rded.). Longman. p.xix, para 2.1. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
a b Denison, Simon (July 1999). "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". British Archaeology (46). Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011. Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park. [408] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks. [409] London has river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services. [310] At major piers including Canary Wharf, London Bridge City, Battersea Power Station and London Eye (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times. [311] The Woolwich Ferry, with 2.5million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads. [312] Roads Global Property Guide. "Price per Square Meter United Kingdom – British Cost per Square Meter". Global Property Guide. London in its Regional Setting" (PDF). London Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2008.Who we are". London Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2009. When you study at City, University of London, you get to be part of a friendly and inclusive global community. According to the European Statistical Agency (Eurostat), London had the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition. Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News.
Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 June 2006. a b "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010.Within the City of Westminster in London, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. [344] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century. [345] Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952. [346] The Laurence Olivier Awards–named after Laurence Olivier–are given annually by the Society of London Theatre. The Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country. [347] Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. [135] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London, [136] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750. [137] Status Census 2001: London". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2006. Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2019, UK- Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk. According to the Office for National Statistics, based on 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White, with 44.9% White British, 2.2% White Irish, 0.1% gypsy/ Irish traveller and 12.1% classified as Other White. [202] Meanwhile, 20.9% of Londoners were of Asian or mixed-Asian descent, with 19.7% being of full Asian descents and 1.2% being of mixed-Asian heritage. Indians accounted for 6.6% of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7% each. Chinese people accounted for 1.5%, and Arabs for 1.3%. A further 4.9% were classified as "Other Asian". [202]
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