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A History of Language

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The type system in C is static and weakly typed, which makes it similar to the type system of ALGOL descendants such as Pascal. [37] There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned, floating-point numbers, and enumerated types ( enum). Integer type char is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a Boolean datatype. There are also derived types including arrays, pointers, records ( struct), and unions ( union). Not all linguists agree with the above arguments, however. In particular, supporters of Noam Chomsky argue against the possibility that the mirror neuron system can play any role in the hierarchical recursive structures essential to syntax. [112] Putting-down-the-baby theory [ edit ] a b c d e Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020). " "A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022 . Retrieved March 28, 2022. The language supports a rich set of operators, including bit manipulation, for integer arithmetic and logic, and perhaps different sizes of floating point numbers – it can process appropriately-structured data effectively. Tools such as Purify or Valgrind and linking with libraries containing special versions of the memory allocation functions can help uncover runtime errors in memory usage. [43] [44] Uses [ edit ] Rationale for use in systems programming [ edit ] Some software written in C

Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (February 1978). The C Programming Language (1sted.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110163-0. For some purposes, restricted styles of C have been adopted, e.g. MISRA C or CERT C, in an attempt to reduce the opportunity for bugs. Databases such as CWE attempt to count the ways C etc. has vulnerabilities, along with recommendations for mitigation. Ritchie (1993): "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."Compound assignment operators of the form = op (such as =-) were changed to the form op= (that is, -=) to remove the semantic ambiguity created by constructs such as i=-10, which had been interpreted as i=-10 (decrement i by 10) instead of the possibly intended i=-10 (let i be −10). The theory's name is derived from the two auditory streams, which are both found in the brains of humans and other primates. The auditory ventral stream is responsible for sound recognition, and so it is referred to as the auditory what stream. [117] [118] [119] In primates, the auditory dorsal stream is responsible for sound localization, and thus it is called the auditory where stream. Only in humans (in the left hemisphere), is it also responsible for other processes associated with language use and acquisition, such as speech repetition and production, integration of phonemes with their lip movements, perception and production of intonations, phonological long-term memory (long-term memory storage of the sounds of words), and phonological working memory (the temporary storage of the sounds of words). [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] Some evidence also indicates a role in recognising others by their voices. [128] [129] The emergence of each of these functions in the auditory dorsal stream represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of language. Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1993). "The Development of the C Language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. ACM. 28 (3): 201–208. doi: 10.1145/155360.155580.

Naturalist: There is a natural relation between expressions and the things they signify. Language thus emerged from a natural human inclination to imitate the sounds of nature. The preprocessor was introduced around 1973 at the urging of Alan Snyder and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and PL/I. Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements: #include and #define of parameterless macros. Soon after that, it was extended, mostly by Mike Lesk and then by John Reiser, to incorporate macros with arguments and conditional compilation. [8] The C++ programming language (originally named "C with Classes") was devised by Bjarne Stroustrup as an approach to providing object-oriented functionality with a C-like syntax. [64] C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits generic programming via templates. Nearly a superset of C, C++ now [ when?] supports most of C, with a few exceptions. The most common C library is the C standard library, which is specified by the ISO and ANSI C standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as embedded systems may provide only a subset of the standard library). This library supports stream input and output, memory allocation, mathematics, character strings, and time values. Several separate standard headers (for example, stdio.h) specify the interfaces for these and other standard library facilities.

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The use of pointers and the run-time manipulation of these means there may be two ways to access the same data (aliasing), which is not determinable at compile time. This means that some optimisations that may be available to other languages are not possible in C. FORTRAN is considered faster. C permits the use and implementation of different memory allocation schemes, including a typical malloc and free; a more sophisticated mechanism with arenas; or a version for an OS kernel that may suit DMA, use within interrupt handlers, or integrated with the virtual memory system. a b "History of C". en.cppreference.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018 . Retrieved May 28, 2018.

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