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Map of the stages of Bantu expansion across southern Africa. The second map shows that the Great Lakes region (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, etc.) was a major center for outwards migration. The word database contains accents, mainly for pronunciation, but the detection code ignores them, so don't rely on them Bokamba, Eyamba G.; Bokamba, Molingo V. (2004). Tósolola na Lingála: A multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Lingála as a foreign language. Madison: NALRC.
I even got a chance to speak Lingala with some people at a language exchange event in Brussels! I did not speak it very well, objectively speaking—I managed to say Nayebi te nakoki koloba nini (“I don’t know what I can say”) and a few other basic things — but the Lingala speakers thought it was great. I think these similarities have something to do with the history of Bantu expansion — specifically, the predecessors of modern Zulu and Xhosa speakers migrated from the Great Lakes region to South Africa at a relatively recent date. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Sorry if you don’t speak Russian. Another good English-language book for intermediate-level learners is Masomo ya Kisasa: Contemporary Readings in Swahili.) Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérome (1995). "La dynamique sociale et l'épisode colonial: La formation de la société "Bangala" dans l'entre Zaïre-Ubangi". Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 29: 351–374. Meeuwis, Michael (2020). A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition. München: Lincom. pp.24–25. ISBN 9783969390047. Another textbook I used early on was Swahili: A Foundation for Speaking, Reading, and Writing. And after that, I somehow managed to get my hands on a series of Russian-language Swahili textbooks that I found to be better (more systematic and more logically presented) than any of the English material out there: Meeuwis, Michael (2020). A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition. München: Lincom. p.26. ISBN 978-3-96939-004-7.
Swahili is continuing to gain in importance in East Africa thanks to the economic power of Kenya and Tanzania. Earlier this year, Rwanda made Swahili its fourth official language, after Kinyarwanda, French and English. Swahili is also widely spoken in the eastern half of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and seems to be expanding there as well, where it’s pushing up against the next language here: Lingala Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérôme (1971). Les Bangala et la première décennie du poste de Nouvelle-Anvers (1884-1894). Kinshasa: Université Lovanium. Mbula oyo na bonguani na sanza ya yambo pona Luanda likolo ya mosala ya sika esika na mikomisaki kuna mbula eleki. Nazali na esengo pona ndenge na zui mosala oyo sikoyo nazali ko kanisa kotonga ndaku na Mbanza Kongo na mbula ezali ko ya pona ete libota bazala na ndaku.
Phrases in Bantu languages
The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation, /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/. In practice, the extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. This application presents you the Bible translated into the Lingala language spoken in the Democratic Congo. A conjugation of the verb in Lingala that means “to be” will give you a taste for how Lingala grammar works. As you will notice on the following verbs, the subject pronoun is directly attached to the verb. Also, you will note that there is a different prefix for the third person depending on whether the subject being reference is human (one prefix) or else an animal or an object (a different prefix).
The Mandombe script is an abugida, primarily used to write Kikongo, that can also be used for Lingala. It is used as a liturgical script in the church of Kimbangu. two panes" to display the Lingala at the top and the French or English or Swahili version at the bottom Along with French and Swahili, Lingala is one of the major lingua francas of the DRC, and is also spoken widely in the Republic of Congo. In the DRC — one of the world’s most linguistically-diverse nations — Lingala has long been the main language of the armed forces as well as of popular music.For example, the world for “road” is njia in Swahili, nzela in Lingala, indlela in Xhosa, and inzira in Kirundi — here you can see how Swahili drops “L”s between vowels and Kirundi turns them into “R”s. Something similar happens with the word for “rain”, which is mvua in Swahili, mbula in Lingala, imvula in Xhosa, and imvura in Kirundi. Lingala's importance as a vernacular has since grown with the size and importance of its main centers of use, Kinshasa and Brazzaville; with its use as the lingua franca of the armed forces; and with the popularity of soukous music. Qu'attendez-vous ? Rejoignez la communauté de LINGALA Ya Muana Congo et prenez en main votre propre apprentissage dès aujourd'hui🚀.
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