Funtime Gifts LED Mini Lava Volcano Lamp, Integrated, 4.5 W, Plastic, Red

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USGS (2017) Volcano Notifications Deliver Situational Information. Retrieved from: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/notifications.html. Accessed 4 Apr 2018 Friman M, Strandberg G (2014) Historical responsibility for climate change: science and the science–policy interface. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 5(3):297–316 Funtowicz SO, Ravetz JR (1994) Uncertainty, complexity and post-normal science. Environ Toxicol Chem 13(12):1881–1885

The cream, marble look Volcano Light by Compac can be supplied in a ‘polished’ texture. This means ascintillating gloss that beautifully reflects the light and highlights the true colours & pigments embedded within the product. The polished texture is one of the most popular surface finishes, mostly present among quartz worktops and granite worktops, although ceramic suppliers also adopt this finish for their stone slabs. These surfaces are easy to clean and prevent all liquid absorption. About Compac The] complicated reduction of all of these factors (risk, hazard, activity) and boiling that down to a simple number [means] inevitably if you do that, something is going to be lost. You can’t just project a ten-dimensional problem down to one dimension and expect it to retain all its complexity (AVO scientist 4). Thomalla F, Larsen RK (2010) Resilience in the context of tsunami early warning systems and community disaster preparedness in the Indian Ocean region. Environ Hazards 9:249–265 Legitimacy relies on the perception that the processes through which information has been generated and disseminated have included and balanced the interests and knowledge of all involved (Cash et al. 2003; Sarkki et al. 2013). This can be difficult to do using VALS, since they are not a static tool but rather change in purpose as the volcano ramps up and down from an eruption, and during various phases of eruptive activity. VALS have in effect been used to encompass at least two roles, driven by demand from users, consisting of a forecasting tool with warnings and a reportage tool describing what was happening at the volcano, such as an eruption, also seen in Quito, Ecuador, in 1998 (Metzger et al. 1999). This combination of roles can help to make a range of users become more expert, increasing understanding of the history of the relevant volcano and awareness of what to watch out for, so that once an alert level is issued they know how to respond (AVO user—NWS 2). In addition, contingent institutional factors need consideration as they are shaped by local cultural, political and judicial systems. The dynamics of USGS policy, governance and operations had a profound effect on the resources required to provide an effective VALS, such as funding for monitoring capabilities, staff resources and protocols for issuing warnings. Education and outreach were essential activities to ensure that stakeholders are aware of VALS and how they work, but these required significant staff time and resources. In addition, each user group will also have their specific institutional and legal remits, factors and limitations to consider. Inevitably these factors, along with securitisation, influence how communities will respond to a warning.Despite these variances, the possibility of developing a globally standardised VALS for ground hazards has been considered. After exploring this possibility at volcano conferences in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Scott ( 2007) concluded that there cannot be international uniformity in VALS due to the wide range in volcanic eruptions and hazards, and the recurrence of activity that requires a wide variety of needs to be catered for. Scott questioned the standardisation process, asking if it actually “undermines the important function they achieve” (Scott 2007, p. 90). Crona B, Hubacek K (2010) The right connections: how do social networks lubricate the machinery of natural resource governance? Ecol Soc 15(4) Mileti D (1999) Disasters by design: a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States. Joseph Henry Press Casadevall TJ (1994) The 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: impacts on aircraft operations. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 62(1–4):301–316

Gardner CA, Guffanti MC (2006) US Geological Survey's alert notification system for volcanic activity (No. 2006-3139) Wynne B (1996) May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide. In: Lash S, Szerszynski B, Wynne B (eds) Risk, environment and modernity: towards a new ecology. Sage, London, pp 44–83Parker J, Crona B (2012) On being all things to all people: boundary organizations and the contemporary research university. Soc Stud Sci 42(2):262–289 Creech H, Willard T (2001) Strategic intentions: managing knowledge networks for sustainable development. IISD, Winnipeg