Big Brown Bear

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Heptner V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2. Leiden u.a.: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.

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Bidon, T.; Janke, A.; Fain, S. R.; Eiken, H. G.; Hagen, S. B.; Saarma, U.; Hallstrom, B. M.; Lecomte, N.; Hailer, F. (2014). "Brown and Polar Bear Y Chromosomes Reveal Extensive Male-Biased Gene Flow within Brother Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (#6): 1353–1363. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu109. PMID 24667925. Yudakov, A. G. & Nikolaev, I. G. (2004). "Hunting Behavior and Success of the Tigers' Hunts". The Ecology of the Amur Tiger based on Long-Term Winter Observations in 1970–1973 in the Western Sector of the Central Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020 . Retrieved 17 September 2014. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 23 April 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2017. A study of male-inherited Y chromosome DNA sequence found that brown bears, over the past few 10,000 years, have shown strong male-biased dispersal. [107] That study found surprisingly similar Y chromosomes in brown bear populations as far apart as Norway and coastal Alaska, indicating extensive gene flow across Eurasia and North America. Notably, this contrasts with genetic signals from female-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where brown bears of different geographic regions typically show strong differences in their mtDNA, a result of female philopatry. The awe-inspiring brown bear lives in the forests and mountains of northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It is the most widely distributed bear in the world.

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Shields, G. F.; Kocher, T. D. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of North American ursids based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA". Evolution. 45 (1): 218–221. doi: 10.2307/2409495. JSTOR 2409495. PMID 28564083. The games were originally built using Flash and this software stopped being supported at the end of 2020.

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Clevenger, A. P.; Purroy, F. J.; Pelton, M. R. (1992). "Food habits of brown bears ( Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (2): 415–421. doi: 10.2307/1382077. JSTOR 1382077. a b c d e f g Novak, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E. & Malloch, B. (1987). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia. [21] [22] The brown bear, per Kurten (1976), has been stated as "clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago; spread into Europe, to the New World." [23] A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species complex approximately 1.2–1.4million years ago, but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear before perishing. [24] The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5million years ago. Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after. [21] [25] Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where it is thought they might have outcompeted cave bears ( Ursus spelaeus). The species entered Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago. [21] It is speculated that brown bears were unable to migrate south until the extinction of the much larger giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus). [26] [27] Woodroffe, R. (2000). "Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 3 (2): 165. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x. S2CID 84430290. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.Hissa, R.; Siekkinen, J.; Hohtola, E.; Saarela, S.; Hakala, A.; Pudas, J. (1994). "Seasonal patterns in the physiology of the European brown bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) in Finland". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 109 (#3): 781–791. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90222-4. PMID 8529017. Palomares, F.; Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific Killing among Mammalian Carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (#5): 492–508. doi: 10.1086/303189. hdl: 10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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a b Mörner, T.; Eriksson, H.; Bröjer, C.; Nilsson, K.; Uhlhorn, H.; Ågren, E.; Segerstad, C.H.; Jansson, D.S.; Gavier-Widén, D. (2005). "Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear ( Ursus arctos), gray wolf ( Canis lupus), and wolverine ( Gulo gulo) in Sweden". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 41 (#2): 298–303. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298. PMID 16107663. S2CID 43774546. Stringham, S. F. (1986). "Effects of climate, dump closure, and other factors on Yellowstone grizzly bear litter size". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 6: 33–39. doi: 10.2307/3872803. JSTOR 3872803.Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M. A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017). "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1, 868): 20,171,804. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1804. PMC 5740279. PMID 29187630. Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus Ursus, [47] [48] [49] including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene. History and Culture – State Symbols". California State Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019 . Retrieved 24 September 2011. a b c d e f Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999), Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF), vol.44, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 , retrieved 18 November 2019

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Brown bears dig dens for winter hibernation, often holing up in a suitable hillside. Females, or she-bears, den while pregnant and give birth during this winter rest, usually to a pair of cubs. Brown bear cubs nurse on their mother's milk until spring and stay with her for some two and a half years—so females only reproduce once every three years. A grizzly–polar bear hybrid (known either as a pizzly bear or a grolar bear) is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a crossbreeding of a brown bear and a polar bear. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian Arctic, and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female polar bear. [46] Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a " cryptid" (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild). Situació preocupant de l'ós bru als Pirineus" (in Catalan). ecologistasenaccion.org. May 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010. Frković, A.; Huber, D. & Kusak, J. (2001). "Brown bear litter sizes in Croatia". Ursus. 12: 103–105. JSTOR 3873235. Symbols of Montana". Montana Historical Society. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2016.Dahle, B.; Sørensen, O. J.; Wedul, E. H.; Swenson, J. E.; Sandegren, F. (1998). "The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries". Wildlife Biology. 4 (3): 147–158. doi: 10.2981/wlb.1998.017. S2CID 90983953. We have been a leading ecotourism and adventure travel provider since 1985. Led by world-class naturalist guides, our eco-conscious expeditions take you to the world's most remarkable nature locales. The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old. [73] [165] The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. [166] The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old. [166] The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age. [13] [55] Larivière, S. (2001). " Ursus americanus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (647): 1–11. doi: 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)647<0001:ua>2.0.co;2. S2CID 198968922. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016.