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The Lettering Workbook for Absolute Beginners: A Simple Guide to Hand Lettering & Modern Calligraphy: 1

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Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have ligatures, a combination of two letters make one, such as æ in Danish and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian; borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes; [31] and modified existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y, and w only in foreign words. [32] Alphonsa, Alice Celin; Bhanja, Chuya China; Laskar, Azharuddin; Laskar, Rabul Hussain (July 2017). "Spectral feature based automatic tonal and non-tonal language classification". 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT). pp.1271–1276. doi: 10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342752. ISBN 978-1509061068. S2CID 5060391. Lipiński, Edward (1975). Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 9061860199. OCLC 2005521. In the Middle Bronze Age, an apparently "alphabetic" system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai peninsula dated c. 15th century BCE, apparently left by Canaanite workers. In 1999, John and Deborah Darnell, American Egyptologists, discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the Wadi el-Hol valley in Egypt. The script dated to c. 1800 BCE and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to c. 2000 BCE, strongly suggesting that the first alphabet had developed about that time. [20] The script was based on letter appearances and names, believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. [7] This script had no characters representing vowels. Originally, it probably was a syllabary—a script where syllables are represented with characters—with symbols that were not needed being removed. The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is Ugaritic, invented in Ugarit ( Syria) before the 15th century BCE. This was an alphabetic cuneiform script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE. [21] A specimen of Proto-Sinaitic script, one of the earliest (if not the very first) phonemic scripts

Sitting up straight and keeping the weight off of your arm is ideal. How to Hold Your Pen for LetteringDurkin, Philip (2014). Borrowed words: a history of loanwords in English. Oxford Scholarship Online. ISBN 978-0-19-166706-0. OCLC 868265392. Ouaknin, Marc-Alain; Bacon, Josephine (1999). Mysteries of the Alphabet: The Origins of Writing. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0789205216.

At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently. For English, this is because the Great Vowel Shift occurred after the orthography got established and because English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels. [101] However, even English has general, albeit complex, rules that predict pronunciation from spelling. Rules like this are usually successful. However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate. [102] Lettering may be drawn, incised, applied using stencils, [5] [6] [7] using a digital medium with a stylus, or a vector program. Lettering that was not created using digital tools is commonly referred to as hand-lettering. [1] Brush lettering practice by artist Emmanuel Sevilla. Using a traditional brush to create your brush lettering can add a further element, which is that of using color effects. Writing with a brush is quite a different experience when compared to using a pen and will need a lot of practice, but it is well worth the effort. We recommend getting high-quality brushes at the outset, as the higher cost is worth every cent and you can expect them to last longer than less expensive brushes.Maxwell, Alexander (2004). "Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation" (PDF). Anthropos.

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