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The Black Death

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Roast the shells of newly laid eggs, and grind them to a powder—add Marigold flowers and treacle—drink in warm beer every morning and night.

Bramanti B, Stenseth NC, Walløe L, Lei X (2016). "Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization". Yersinia pestis: Retrospective and Perspective. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol.918. pp.1–26. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1. ISBN 978-94-024-0888-1. PMID 27722858. First of all, what is "the" Byzantine Empire, eh? Have you ever heard a country called "the" Iraq or "the" England, huh?

The first couple of chapters of this book had me enthralled: it was well written, full of analysis and focus ranging from the grand to the minute details. By the time I got halfway, I was quite tired of reading musings over what percentage of the populace died in each region and how many of the clergy, rich, poor were affected in relation to each other because, as the author states himself, the plague affected each region in much the same way and people tended to react to it in much the same way.

Historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s. [82] However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa. [107] Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 . Retrieved 15 February 2023.

Recurrence

The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. and Avignon, where 50 percent of the population dies. Bathing should not be avoided, and be done with vinegar and rosewater—alternatively in your own urine.

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight. And so they died. And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship. Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices ... great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead. And they died by the hundreds both day and night ... And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug ... And I, Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands. And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city. There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death. And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world. [135] Economic The book ends with a quote, which shows how far we have come since the dark/middle ages and – in hindsight – how little we have learned: a b Philip Daileader, The Late Middle Ages, audio/video course produced by The Teaching Company, (2007) ISBN 978-1-59803-345-8. Baten J, Koepke N (2005). "The Biological Standard of Living in Europe during the Last Two Millennia". European Review of Economic History. 9 (1): 61–95. doi: 10.1017/S1361491604001388. hdl: 10419/47594. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 . Retrieved 4 February 2020– via EBSCO.

A Short History of Pandemics

According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague; [125] [g] Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it may have been as high as 60%. [126] [h] Plague". World Health Organization. October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2017. Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, etal. (December 2017). "The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (23): 3683–3691.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025. PMID 29174893. Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate". phys.org. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019 . Retrieved 22 March 2020.

Others still favor an origin in China [78] or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia. The theory of Chinese origin implicates the Silk Road, the disease possibly spreading alongside Mongol armies and traders, or possibly arriving via ship—however, this theory is still contested. It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa. [80] Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came from China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2017. Kraut AM (1995). Silent travelers: germs, genes, and the "immigrant menace". Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5096-7. Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995. [175] Another outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014. [176] In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands. [177] They were often the elderly women, besides merchants, that were many times Christian in faith. Women who were midwives, herbalists, healers that helped their communities when they were needed to ease pain and suffering. They were also pagans, non-Judeo-Christian religionists, and were like their other counterparts and helpers of their communities. These were good people, ordinary people.”The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45–50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75–80% of the population. In Germany and England... it was probably closer to 20%. [125]

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