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Viking Leather lamellar Armour; lamellar Cuirass; Leather Armor; Viking Armor

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Depiction and description of a kuyak hat from Fedor Solntsev's "Ancients of the Russian State" (1849–53). Lightweight: Lamellar armor was lighter than chainmail or plate armor, making it easier for warriors to wear and maneuver in. The History of Song notes that Song "tools of war were exceedingly effective, never before seen in recent times," [71] and "their weapons and armor were very good", [71] but "their troops weren't always effective." [71] According to Sima Guang, since most military problems came from the north, the military establishment in the south was neglected, leaving soldiers without armour and even cities without gates. [72] Manufacturing chain mail or plate armor required high-intensity work methods and permanent buildings that were not feasible under nomadic conditions. Lamellar armour was often worn by itself or as an augmentation to other armour, such as over a mail hauberk. The lamellar cuirass was especially popular with the Rus, as well as Mongols, Turks, Avars, other steppe peoples, as well as migratory groups such as the Langobards as it was simple to create and maintain. Lamellar helmets were also employed by Migration Era and Early Medieval peoples. [ citation needed]

do.-- Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840; illustrated by Christa Hook, Osprey Publishing «Men-at-arms», ISBN 1-85532-655-8 Peers, C. J. (2006), Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840, Osprey Publishing Ltd Undergarment clothing with long, broad sleeves was worn under the outer coat. Genghis Khan (1158–1227) oversaw the widespread use of strong silk for this undergarment. Lamellar armour should not be confused with laminar armour, a related form of plate armour which is made from horizontal overlapping rows or bands of solid armour plates (called lames) rather than scales. By comparison, lamellar armour is made from individual armour scales, which are laced together to form a strip of armour which appears to be solid but is not.Hudesutu quyaq – lamellar or laminar armor. The classification varies. Often depicted in Persian, Chinese, and Japanese miniatures. Prominent examples of such armour are lorica segmentata of Ancient Rome [2] and certain versions of samurai armour.

Lamellar armour ( klivanion) consists of a large number of leather, horn or metal plates (‘lames’), typically rectangular or with slightly rounded corners, frequently around 1½” x 3½” (though different sized lames could be used in different parts of the same armour), laced together with leather thonging. Lames should be laced together first as rows, overlapping horizontally in both directions from the centre of the chest to the middle of the spine. The rows should then be assembled so that they overlap upwards (i.e. start from the top, with the second row on top of the one above it) and should be continuous (i.e. no distinction between body, skirt and sleeves). A distinctive feature of Roman lamellar in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was that the vertical fastening used a single rivet. The earliest archaeological evidence of armour in China dates to the Shang dynasty. These were either breastplates made of shell tied together or a one-piece rawhide or leather breastplate. [1] Helmets were made of bronze and often sported elaborate designs consisting of animal motifs. Armour was almost exclusively for nobles; regular folks had little to no protection and more commonly used a hide covered shield made of wood or bamboo. [2] Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 BC–256 BC) [ edit ] In the later medieval period (13th-14th centuries), scale armour was widely used among the Rus. Lamellar appears to have been much less common. One little apron is folded over and stitched to another at the top so that the plates can be securely attached. Thus, the plates provide homogeneous protection, and identical armor is created for their horses and soldiers. The armor is so shiny that a man can look directly at his reflection.” Ystoria Mongalorum, by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (1185–1252).

The Famous Bow

In Muscovy, there was a type of armour known as the kuyak, believed to have Mongolian origins [10] [13] and analogous to Central Asian, [14] Indian and Chinese brigandines. [15] The word "kuyak" is itself a derivative from the Mongol huyag, which means "armour" (of any type). No known intact examples of this type of armour survives, but historical depictions, textual descriptions and photos [16] remain. Peers, C. J. Imperial Chinese Armies (1): 200 BC-AD 589; illustrated by Michael Perry, Osprey Publishing «Men-at-arms», ISBN 1-85532-514-4 In the 3rd century BC, both iron weapons and armour became more common. According to the Xunzi, "the hard iron spears of Wan (宛) [a city in Chu, near modern Nanyang (南陽), Henan] are as cruel as wasps and scorpions." [8] Iron weapons also gave Chinese armies an edge over barbarians. Han Fei recounts that during a battle with the Gonggong (共工) tribe, "the iron-tipped lances reached the enemy, and those without strong helmets and armour were injured." [9] The effectiveness of bronze axes and shields may have been superseded by new iron weaponry and armor. [9] The efficiency of crossbows however outpaced any progress in defensive armour. It was considered a common occurrence in ancient China for commoners or peasants to kill a lord with a well aimed crossbow bolt, regardless of whatever armour he might have been wearing at the time. [10]

Kiritsuke iyozane is a form of laminar armor constructed from long strips of leather and or iron which were perforated, laced, and notched and made to replicate the look of real lamellar plates. These strips of simulated lamellar plates were much more rigid than real lamellar and they were assembled into armor items in the same way that the rows of lamellar armour were. As a result of the Mongol invasions, their lamellar armor became popular in other nations, including China (such as the Yuan Dynasty, 1271–1368) and the Middle East (such as the Ilkhanate, 1256–1335). The earliest evidence points to the early- Iron Age Assyrians as the people responsible for the early development and spread of this form of armour, during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the numerous battle scenes depicted in the reliefs from Niniveh and Nimrud, commemorating the victories of Ashurnasirpal and Ashurbanipal from the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, hundreds of Assyrian soldiers, both infantry and cavalry, are represented wearing cuirasses constructed of lamellae. These cuirasses reach from shoulder to waist, and in many instances they have short, close sleeves. If we accept the representations as correct and translate the method of construction literally, then we are confronted with a type of lamellar armour quite different from later specimens. [2] By the late Warring States period in the 3rd century BC, iron weapons and armour had come into widespread use. [5] Lamellar armour [ edit ] Qin bronze gourd shield Liu, Yonghua (刘永华) (September 2003), Ancient Chinese Armour (中国古代军戎服饰), Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House (上海古籍出版社), p.174, ISBN 7-5325-3536-3The Ō-yoroi or ‘great armor’ was specifically designed for mounted archers, who often formed the elite forces of the Japanese Samurai. In essence, the great warrior armor was reserved for the high-ranking warriors (‘ bushi‘), especially after the 10th century AD, when such elite troops performed the tactical tasks of cavalrymen and mobile archers on the battlefield. As an article from Boris Petrov Bedrosov (at myarmoury.com) describes – William Alexander (1805). The costume of China, illustrated in forty-eight coloured engravings. Wikisource: W. Bulmer and Co . Retrieved 7 May 2014. This dress of the troops is clumsy, inconvenient, and inimical to the performance of military exercises, yet a battalion thus equipped has, at some distance, a splendid and even warlike appearance; but on closer inspection these coats of mail are found to be nothing more than quilted nankeen, enriched with thin plates of metal, surrounded with studs, which gives the tout-ensemble very much the appearance of armour. A polearm known as the atgeir is mentioned in several sagas of Icelanders and other literature. Atgeir is usually translated as "halberd", akin to a glaive. Gunnar Hámundarson is described in Njáls saga as cutting and impaling foes on his atgeir. Plate Armor A Mongolian horseman in heavy Mongolian armor, 13th–14th centuries. Illustration by M. V. Gorelik.

Fedor Solntsev's "Ancients of the Russian State" (1849–53) directly calls the kuyak a "Mongolian cotton fiber body armour". Vikings most commonly carried sturdy axes that could be thrown or swung with head-splitting force. [20] The Mammen Axe is a famous example of such battle-axes, ideally suited for throwing and melee combat. [21] Graff, David A. (2016), The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium, Routledge do.-- Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520; illustrated by David Sque, Osprey Publishing «Men-at-arms», ISBN 1-85532-254-4This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lamellar armour has been found in Egypt in a 17th-century BCE context. [3] Sumerian and Ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs depicting soldiers have been argued as portraying the earliest examples of lamellar armour, particularly on chariot drivers, but it is not until the time of the Assyrians (circa 900–600 BCE) that possible examples of lamellar appear in the archaeological record. Among finds of Assyrian armour (often individual or unconnected scales), there are examples that can clearly be classified as scale armour as well as others that appear to be lamellar, and there exist a large number of finds whose function has proven difficult to determine. [ citation needed] Therefore, iron mail may not have been widely used in Mongol armor. Due to the nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols, Mongolian armor was often lighter than its Eastern and Western equivalents. Photo of a kuyak body armour and "hat" (in the center; pieces of a European fullplate armour are unrelated), dated late 15th century. The description: "5. A soft type of armour which bears the name of the kuyak, also with a kuyak helmet (15th century)".

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