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Expecting the Unexpected: seeking the silver linings ...

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Until now, reviews have not comprehensively compared learning under distinct types of uncertainties in this age range.

She'd stormed off away from me and out of the school doors, and I'd just turned my back on her and continued talking to my friend for a minute, not knowing that it would be the last time my sister would ever see me as that person. A computational account of optimizing social predictions reveals that adolescents are conservative learners in social contexts. e., inverse temperature) in adults compared with children and adolescents in most studies (Decker et al. Using the wrong suppliers can lead to reputational risks, such as accusations of benefiting from modern slavery. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective.Developmental changes in dopamine neurotransmission in adolescence: Behavioral implications and issues in assessment. The findings suggest that the development of learning under uncertainty might depend on the statistics of the environment and the type of uncertainty that the individual is exposed to. Although other and more fine-grained distinctions have been made, we focus on stochasticity—also referred to as risk, expected or irreducible uncertainty—and volatility—sometimes referred to as unexpected uncertainty (e.

It was validating in a way- losing your first child is a special kind of pain (not that it’s any worse than losing a second, or third…it’s a unique pain that makes you mother- an invisible one, because the public cannot see the baby that made you a mom). Specific periods in life, such as adolescence, have been characterized by being attuned to learning and navigating novel and inherently uncertain environments. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. However, such an approach is important when the goal is to understand the mechanisms that give rise to behavioral differences when learning from outcomes that involve different types of uncertainty. Table 1 lists empirical studies comparing developmental samples using tasks that involve outcome stochasticity.This puts forward a promising hypothesis regarding age-related changes in goal-directed exploration and its interactions with outcome uncertainty, which can be targeted by using specific experimental paradigms and models (Fan et al.

For future studies, these sample characteristics are important to consistently report in the literature (Qu et al. Moreover, learning performance—as indicated by the proportion of choices for the option with higher underlying mean value, correct responses, or more accurate predictions depending on the task characteristics—generally increased with age (Christakou et al.With regard to the inverse temperature parameter, these studies reported either no age-related differences (Hauser et al. Also, we did not identify any regions that dissociated learning from stochastic outcomes and volatile outcomes. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the learning paradigms and modeling approaches in the reviewed studies makes it difficult to compare the neural correlates of the processes involved in learning under stochastic and volatile outcomes.

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