Franci's War: The incredible true story of one woman's survival of the Holocaust

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Cottret, Bernard (2000). Calvin: A Biography. Translated by McDonald, M Wallace. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802831591. Roberts, Penny (1996). A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion. Manchester University Press.

The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally crushed in 1796 by Hoche, but Hoche's attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland was unsuccessful. The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589 (2nded.). New York: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1852855222. Carroll, Stuart (2009). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press. War against Austria was actually announced in the National Assembly by then King Louis XVI of the French on 20 April 1792 while the kingdom still existed in name. (Constitutional) monarchy was suspended on 10 August following the assault on the Tuileries, and abolished 21 September 1792. Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste. A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan, taken from the manuscripts of that officer. London: Debrett, 1799. p. 140.France suffered severe reverses at first. They were driven out of the Austrian Netherlands, and serious revolts flared in the west and south of France. One of these, at Toulon, was the first serious taste of action for an unknown young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte. He contributed to the siege of the city and its harbour by planning an effective assault with well-placed artillery batteries raining projectiles down on rebel positions. This performance helped make his reputation as a capable tactician, and it fueled his meteoric rise to military and political power. Once the city was occupied, he participated in pacifying the rebelling citizens of Toulon with the same artillery that he first used to conquer the city. [16] Sutherland, N. M. Catherine de Medici and the Ancien Régime. London: Historical Association, 1966. OCLC 1018933. Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1135954949.

Jouanna, Arlette (2007). The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State. Manchester University Press. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. McGrath, Alister (1995). The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (2003ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0631229407. The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.

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The French Revolutionary Army overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place. Scott, Samuel F. From Yorktown to Valmy: The Transformation of the French Army in an Age of Revolution (University Press of Colorado, 1998) Sutherland, N. M. (1962). "Calvinism and the conspiracy of Amboise". History. 47 (160): 111–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1962.tb01083.x.

The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584, when the Duke of Anjou, the King's youngest brother and heir presumptive, died. As HenryIII had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre, a descendant of LouisIX. When it became clear that Henry of Navarre would not renounce his Protestantism, the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville (31December 1584) on behalf of the League, with PhilipII of Spain, who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League over the following decade to maintain the civil war in France, with the hope of destroying the French Calvinists. Under pressure from the Guise, HenryIII reluctantly issued the Treaty of Nemours (7 July 1585) and an edict suppressing Protestantism (18 July 1585) and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne. [127] [128] [129] Escalation into war (1585) [ edit ] The Duke of Guise during the Day of the Barricades The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons FrancisII, CharlesIX, and HenryIII. Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.Hamilton, Sarah; Spicer, Andrew (2005). Defining the holy: Sacred space in medieval and early modern Europe. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754651940. Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1982). Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814. Paret, Peter (2018). Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times. Princeton University Press. p.332. ISBN 9780691186566.

Main article: Huguenot rebellions The French royal fleet captures the Île de Ré, a Huguenot stronghold Guyenne was the epicentre of the turn to religious violence in late 16th-century France. Many explanations have been proffered for the rise of violence. Traditional explanations focus on the influence of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre. Other explanations focus on the rise of seigneurialism in the 1550s and see the turn to violence as a response of the peasant class. The murder of the baron of Château de Fumel [ fr] by a Protestant mob in 1561 is often cited as an example. Recent analyses, on the other hand, have turned the focus on religious explanations. Denis Crouzet fingers the fiery eschatological preaching of the Franciscan Thomas Illyricus, who toured the region in the 1510s and 1520s. Stuart Carroll, however, argues for politicization: "the violence was directly caused by politicized factions and was not the result of a spontaneous intercommunal eruption." [62] 1562–1570 [ edit ] The "first" war (1562–1563) [ edit ] Massacre de Vassy by Hogenberg, end of 16th century

Along with "French Wars of Religion" [2] and "Huguenot Wars", [3] the wars have also been variously described as the "Eight Wars of Religion", or simply the "Wars of Religion" (only within France). [4] a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Frisch, Andrea Forgetting Differences: Tragedy, Historiography, and the French Wars of Religion (Edinburgh University Press, 2015). x + 176 pp. full text online' online review