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Universal Battery Active Equalizer Balancer Lithium Battery Balance Board 12‑16S Active Equalizer Module Lightweight Energy Transfer Board for LTO LPO LFP 1.8V‑4.5V

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One of the purposes of implementing phase shift control based on the DAH equalizer proposed in this paper is to improve the working frequency of the equalizer.

The implemented converter is operated in discontinuous conduction mode, so the magnetic component is small and the volume of the equalizer becomes compact. V, that under the phase shift control strategy, the rapid energy transfer between battery cells between half-bridge groups can be achieved, and the voltage balancing speed is fast and the balancing effect is good.All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. The adaptive duty cycle can be acquired through fuzzification, a rule table, and a defuzzification process. Compared with the operating voltage, these methods reflect the internal state of the battery more accurately and present a lower equalization time. Through a high-frequency transformer, four monomers on both sides the primary and secondary sides are coupled.

There are many classification methods for lithium-ion battery equalizers, and there are differences in classification methods among different kinds of literature, but they can be generally divided into energy-consuming equalizers and non-energy-consuming equalizers [ 8, 9]. It mainly contains the controller, DAH equalizer, transformer, current sensor, oscilloscope and Lithium-ion-battery unit, etc. Three bi-directional equalizer circuits with four batteries in series were tested, and corresponding strategies were implemented.However, it is impossible to avoid dangerous current if the difference in voltage between adjacent cells is large [ 38, 47, 48]. Due to the voltage difference between cells, there is a DC component in the output voltage of the half-bridge, which leads to the DC component of the primary and secondary side currents i 1 and i 2 of the transformer, and the DC component of the magnetization current of the transformer. Since the voltage of the high-SOC battery during the equalization process gradually decreases, the voltage difference between adjacent batteries becomes smaller so that the balancing current will drop if the conduction time does not change adaptively, resulting in a significant time cost in the equilibrium. Figure 8 shows the simulation of the equalization process of a four-cell battery bank using the shunt switch circuit.

However, the membership functions and the rule table need to be designed to comply with the system specifications, and the calculation of the function is more complex so it is difficult to implement by a low-cost MCU with a simple calculation. Since the energy flow between groups under the phase shift control strategy is mainly analyzed, the equivalent equalization current between groups within a switching cycle of DAH equalizer can be calculated, and its expression is shown in Equation (4). As a result, each of the cells has the same SOC during charging and discharging, even in conditions of high dispersion in capacity and internal resistance. Therefore, this paper proposes a VRM method to optimize the conduction time and cut-off time, allowing the balancing current to be maximized based on the current battery voltage in a switching period and transferring energy from the high-SOC battery to the low-SOC battery more effectively to reduce the equilibrium time. The operating principle is the same as the switched resistor topology; the energy is extracted from each cell and transformed into heat until all cells equal the lowest SOC cell.We think that this work will lead to an increase in efforts on the development of an advanced BEC for EV applications. In these equalizers, it is important that these balance strategies will take too long time when one cell is more charged than the others while the others are balanced especially when the cell number in series is large. According to the energy balancing mechanism, these techniques can be divided into passive balancing and active balancing [ 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].

This method is low cost, stable and reliable, but low efficiency, and the heat generated by the resistance makes it difficult to control the battery management system (BMS) [ 11, 12]. A Method to Identify Lithium Battery Parameters and Estimate SOC Based on Different Temperatures and Driving Conditions. Vice versa, if the voltage of V B 2 is higher than that of V B 1, Q 2 becomes the main switch and transfers the energy from V B 2 to V B 1. In addition, the efficiency of the passive equalizer is low due to the low voltage of the cell and the minimum on-voltage drop of the diode is 0. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Montreal, QC, Canada, 29 September–3 October 2002; pp.The peak current depends on the difference in voltage between the adjacent cells and the resistance of the current path. In these equalizers, it is important that these balance strategies will take too long time when one cell is less charged than the others while the others are balanced especially when the cell number in series is large.

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