Psychedelics Encyclopedia

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a b c Millière, Raphaël; Carhart-Harris, Robin L.; Roseman, Leor; Trautwein, Fynn-Mathis; Berkovich-Ohana, Aviva (2018). "Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 1475. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475. PMC 6137697. PMID 30245648.

Hollister, L.E.; Hartman, A.M. Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures. Compr. Psychiatry 1962, 3, 235–242.Soskin, R.A.; Grof, S.; Richards, W.A. Low doses of dipropyltryptamine in psychotherapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1973, 28, 817–821. Fuentes, J.J.; Fonseca, F.; Elices, M.; Farré, M.; Torrens, M. Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 10, 943. Grinspoon, L., & Bakalar, J.B. (1998). Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered (2nd ed.). New York: The Lindesmith Centre.

Schooler, N.; Rabinowitz, J.; Davidson, M.; Emsley, R.; Harvey, P.D.; Kopala, L.; McGorry, P.D.; Van Hove, I.; Eerdekens, M.; Swyzen, W.; et al. Risperidone and haloperidol in first-episode psychosis: A long-term randomized trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 947–953.

Psilocybin-induced states of mind share features with states experienced in psychosis, and while a causal relationship between psilocybin and the onset of psychosis has not been established as of 2011, researchers have called for investigation of the relationship. [103] Many of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context. [104] A population study on associations between psychedelic use and mental illness published in 2013 found no evidence that psychedelic use was associated with increased prevalence of any mental illness. [105] Carhart-Harris, R.L.; Kaelen, M.; Whalley, M.G.; Bolstridge, M.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D.J. LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 2015, 232, 785–794.

a b c d Timmermann, Christopher; Roseman, Leor; Williams, Luke; Erritzoe, David; Martial, Charlotte; Cassol, Héléna; Laureys, Steven; Nutt, David; Carhart-Harris, Robin (2018). "DMT Models the Near-Death Experience". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 1424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424. PMC 6107838. PMID 30174629. Koblan, K.S.; Kent, J.; Hopkins, S.C.; Krystal, J.H.; Cheng, H.; Goldman, R.; Loebel, A. A Non–D2-Receptor-Binding Drug for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 1497–1506. Barker, S.A.; McIlhenny, E.H.; Strassman, R. A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955–2010. Drug Test. Anal. 2012, 4, 617–635. Metzner, R. (2005). Psychedelic, psychoactive and addictive drugs and states of consciousness. In Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience, ed. by M. Earlywine, 27-48. New York: Oxford University Press. Ludwig, A.M., & Lyle, W.H. (1964). The experimental production of narcotic drug effects and withdrawal symptoms through hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 12, 1-17.

What are psychedelics?

Hennekens, C.H.; Hennekens, A.R.; Hollar, D.; Casey, D.E. Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 2005, 150, 1115–1121. British Association for Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia. Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Available online: https://www.bap.org.uk (accessed on 7 November 2021). Ward, R.J.; Lallemand, F.; de Witte, P. Biochemical and Neurotransmitter Changes Implicated in Alcohol-Induced Brain Damage in Chronic or ‘Binge Drinking’ Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009, 44, 128–135. Several other parapsychologists have reported personal ESP experiences with the use of psychedelics. 9 Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner’s apparent precognitive vision of President Kennedy’s assassination while on psilocybin a year before serves as an example. 10 Similar reports of ESP being experienced by consciousness researchers, chemists, anthropologists and psychonauts can also be found elsewhere in the literature. 11 Archaeological evidence suggests psychoactive plants have been ingested the world over for millennia, 2 and there are many examples in the literature of anthropology and ethnobotany of this leading to the appearance of ostensible psi phenomena 3– despite reservations on the part of anthropologists against reporting them. 4 Reports of paranormal experiences in this context became more frequent following the discovery of psychedelic compounds by the academic community, and their popularization by the novelist Aldous Huxley 5 and others. This attracted the attention of parapsychologists, who embarked on research of psi in relation to psychedelics, primarily from the 1950s and 1960s 6. JB Rhine, the founder of parapsychology as an experimental science, ran informal psychedelic sessions in 1961 in collaboration with the then Harvard psychologists Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, 7 although the sessions apparently generated too much spontaneous laughter for anyone to credibly test for anything. 8

Of those reporting the use of psychedelics, between 18% and 83% reported ESP experiences – most commonly telepathy but also precognition – actually occurring during drug use, with heavier users reporting more experiences where specified. Yet, conversely, the occurrence of psychokinesis during drug use was only reported to occur by between 13% and 22% of those using psychedelics. 26

Don’t trip? Or maybe do

Richards, W.A.; Rhead, J.C.; Dileo, F.B.; Yensen, R.; Kurland, A.A. The Peak Experience Variable in DPT-Assisted Psychotherapy with Cancer Patients. J. Psychedelic Drugs 1977, 9, 1–10. Passie, T.; Halpern, J.H.; Stichtenoth, D.O.; Emrich, H.M.; Hintzen, A. The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: A review. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2008, 14, 295–314.