Flowchart Science: The Human Body: The Digestive System

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It includes different organs such as the stomach and intestine. It aids in the digestion of meals and the absorption of nutrients from food. The mouth is the initial part of the alimentary canal. It includes teeth and salivary glands. The teeth help in the mechanical breakdown of food while the salivary glands release saliva that mixes with food to make it soft. Pharynx Digestive Tract Fact #1 – The salivary glands in your mouth secrete between one and one-and-one-half liters of saliva every day. Esophagus

newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\) Each sphincter works independently. The upper esophageal sphincter ushers in boluses from the pharynx. The lower esophageal sphincter empties the contents of the esophagus into your stomach. It can also open to release gas build-up from the stomach. This causes you to belch. Monogastric organisms like humans have two kinds of digestive processes occurring in the digestive tract – mechanical and chemical digestion. Once the desired food is obtained, the digestive process begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Here the teeth are used to cut, tear, and grind chunks of food into smaller particles. This process of mastication involves the alternating action of the muscles of mastication (namely, the superficial and deep masseter, the pterygoids, and the temporalis muscles). The fundamental units of these lobules are the polyhedral, glandular hepatic cells. These cells are rich in nuclei, cytoplasm, protein granules, glycogen droplets, fats, and occasionally, dark brown pigment particles. These hepatic cells are systematically arranged in columns, separated by bile capillaries, which eventually coalesce to form larger hepatic ducts. These ducts subsequently connect to the gallbladder through cystic ducts or merge to form the primary bile duct.Once the bolus enters the stomach, there is regulated release of a variety of enzymes that facilitate chemical digestion. Some of these enzymes also stimulate the accessory digestive organs to release their enzymes to aid in digestion. In addition to chemical digestion (particularly of proteins), the stomach also functions as: Duodenum: This is the anterior section of the small intestine. It is characterized by its U-shaped structure, running parallel to the stomach. The duodenum receives digestive juices from both the liver and the pancreas via a common hepatopancreatic duct. These juices, namely bile and pancreatic juice, play a crucial role in the breakdown of food. The internal mucous lining of the duodenum forms low transverse folds, enhancing its surface area for efficient digestion.

Upon reaching the stomach, the food is subjected to gastric digestion for up to 2-3 hours. Gastric glands in the stomach wall secrete gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and the inactive pre-enzyme pepsinogen. The acidic environment converts pepsinogen into active pepsin, which then catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins into peptones and proteases. The acidic medium softens the food, provides an optimal pH for enzyme activity, and serves as a defense mechanism by killing potential pathogens.The mouth of a frog is a vital component of its digestive system, serving as the initial point of entry for food. It is characterized by a very wide gap that spans from one side of the snout to the other. Structurally, the mouth is bounded by two bony jaws. These jaws are enveloped by immovable lips, which play a role in the frog’s ability to capture and hold onto its prey. Chemical Digestion: The food then enters the stomach, where it is acted upon by gastric juices containing enzymes that break down proteins. The acidic environment of the stomach also helps in killing harmful bacteria.

Cut a small hole in the end of the tights and squeeze out the remaining undigested food. And yes, that is exactly what it looks like, the results of the digestive system, poo. Histologically, the liver is a complex organ composed of numerous tubules or lobules. These lobules interconnect, forming a reticulated structure, leading to its designation as the retinal gland. Each lobule is demarcated by connective tissue, which houses liver ducts, bile capillaries, and blood sinuses and capillaries.Boluses of food are shuttled from the mouth to the stomach via the esophagus. This key connector is guarded by two sphincters at the upper and lower ends. These round muscles act like purse strings that open and close as you swallow. Bulging of Orbits: Behind the vomerine teeth, the roof of the buccal cavity exhibits two large oval areas. These areas represent the inward bulging of the eyeballs. When swallowing food, the frog depresses its eyes, causing these orbits to push inward, which in turn helps push the food towards the pharynx. The digestive system of the human body is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas, etc.). These two parts together help in the digestion process.

This digestive juice is powerful hydrochloric acid. It’s strong enough to break apart tightly bound proteins into polypeptide chains (smaller chains of amino acids). It can also eliminate potentially harmful bacteria that may be present in some foods. Stomach contractions continue until all the chyme from the previous meal has entered the small intestine. These waves, along with the action of gravity, move the bolus toward the lower esophageal sphincter at a rate of 4 cm/s. At rest, the sphincter has a high tone. However, the presence of the bolus aids relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and food is able to enter the stomach. Here, the majority of the chemical digestion will take place. Chemical digestion The buccal cavity, also known as the oral cavity or mouth, is an essential component of the frog’s digestive system. It serves as the initial point of entry for food and plays a crucial role in the frog’s feeding mechanism.

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I nferior mesenteric artery - supplies distal 1/2 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus community's growth and learning. We look forward to hearing from you and fostering an enriching discussion. The mouth, throat and salivary glands make up the oral cavity, which is where early digestion takes place. In summary, the large intestine or rectum in frogs serves as the final segment of the digestive tract, where the last stages of water re-absorption occur, and feces are stored prior to defecation. Its structural features, such as the longitudinal folds and the anal sphincter, are critical to its function in maintaining water balance and controlling waste excretion.