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Caffeine Bullet Energy Gel Upgrade - Mint Chews *16 – Faster Boost Than Gels, Tablets and Gum. 100mg Caffeine - Sport Science for Running, Cycling, Gaming & Pre Workout Endurance Kick.

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In 1827, M. Oudry isolated "théine" from tea, [264] but in 1838 it was proved by Mulder [265] and by Carl Jobst [266] that theine was actually the same as caffeine. Caffeine also causes the release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens core (a substructure within the ventral striatum), but not the nucleus accumbens shell, by antagonizing A 1 receptors in the axon terminal of dopamine neurons and A 1– A 2A heterodimers (a receptor complex composed of 1 adenosine A 1 receptor and 1 adenosine A 2A receptor) in the axon terminal of glutamate neurons. [169] [164] During chronic caffeine use, caffeine-induced dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens core is markedly reduced due to drug tolerance. [169] [164] Enzyme targets Maughan RJ, Griffin J (December 2003). "Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review" (PDF). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 16 (6): 411–20. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00477.x. PMID 19774754. S2CID 41617469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2019. Modulation of adenosine receptor expression in the proximal tubule: a novel adaptive mechanism to regulate renal salt and water metabolism Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 1 July 2008 295:F35-F36 Grosso G, Micek A, Castellano S, Pajak A, Galvano F (January 2016). "Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 60 (1): 223–34. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500620. PMID 26518745.

Evans J, Richards JR, Battisti AS (January 2019). "Caffeine". StatPearls [Internet] (Mini-review). PMID 30137774. The biosynthesis of caffeine is an example of convergent evolution among different species. [202] [203] [204] Nestler EJ, Hymen SE, Holtzmann DM, Malenka RC. "16". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (3rded.). McGraw-Hill Education. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented, and, consequently, these drugs are not considered addictive. Doherty M, Smith PM (April 2005). "Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 15 (2): 69–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x. PMID 15773860. S2CID 19331370.Schmidt B (2005). "Methylxanthine therapy for apnea of prematurity: evaluation of treatment benefits and risks at age 5 years in the international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial". Biology of the Neonate. 88 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.1159/000087584. PMID 16210843. S2CID 30123372. Caffeine, noun (feminine). Crystallizable substance discovered in coffee in 1821 by Mr. Robiquet. During the same period– while they were searching for quinine in coffee because coffee is considered by several doctors to be a medicine that reduces fevers and because coffee belongs to the same family as the cinchona [quinine] tree– on their part, Messrs. Pelletier and Caventou obtained caffeine; but because their research had a different goal and because their research had not been finished, they left priority on this subject to Mr. Robiquet. We do not know why Mr. Robiquet has not published the analysis of coffee which he read to the Pharmacy Society. Its publication would have allowed us to make caffeine better known and give us accurate ideas of coffee's composition... Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in the cocoa bean ( chocolate). Cheston P, Smith L (11 October 2013). "Man died after overdosing on caffeine mints". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013.

Funk GD (November 2009). "Losing sleep over the caffeination of prematurity". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (Pt 22): 5299–300. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.182303. PMC 2793860. PMID 19915211.a b Fintel M, Langer GA, Duenas C (November 1984). "Effects of low sodium perfusion on cardiac caffeine sensitivity and calcium uptake". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 16 (11): 1037–1045. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2828(84)80016-4. PMID 6520875. While caffeine does not directly bind to any dopamine receptors, it influences the binding activity of dopamine at its receptors in the striatum by binding to adenosine receptors that have formed GPCR heteromers with dopamine receptors, specifically the A 1– D 1 receptor heterodimer (this is a receptor complex with 1 adenosine A 1 receptor and 1 dopamine D 1 receptor) and the A 2A– D 2 receptor heterotetramer (this is a receptor complex with 2 adenosine A 2A receptors and 2 dopamine D 2 receptors). [169] [170] [171] [172] The A 2A–D 2 receptor heterotetramer has been identified as a primary pharmacological target of caffeine, primarily because it mediates some of its psychostimulant effects and its pharmacodynamic interactions with dopaminergic psychostimulants. [170] [171] [172]

In addition to its activity at adenosine receptors, caffeine is an inositol trisphosphate receptor 1 antagonist and a voltage-independent activator of the ryanodine receptors ( RYR1, RYR2, and RYR3). [167] It is also a competitive antagonist of the ionotropic glycine receptor. [168] Effects on striatal dopamineDulloo AG, Geissler CA, Horton T, Collins A, Miller DS (January 1989). "Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 49 (1): 44–50. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.44. PMID 2912010. In healthy children, moderate caffeine intake under 400mg produces effects that are "modest and typically innocuous". [74] [75] As early as six months old, infants can metabolize caffeine at the same rate as that of adults. [76] Higher doses of caffeine (>400mg) can cause physiological, psychological and behavioral harm, particularly for children with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. [74] There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. [77] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that caffeine consumption is not appropriate for children and adolescents and should be avoided. [78] This recommendation is based on a clinical report released by American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 with a review of 45 publications from 1994 to 2011 and includes inputs from various stakeholders (Pediatricians, Committee on nutrition, Canadian Pediatric Society, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Sports Medicine & Fitness committee, National Federations of High School Associations). [78] For children age 12 and under, Health Canada recommends a maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Based on average body weights of children, this translates to the following age-based intake limits: [72] Age range Trimethyluric acid is a minor caffeine metabolite. [8] 7-Methylxanthine is also a metabolite of caffeine. [189] [190] Each of the above metabolites is further metabolized and then excreted in the urine. Caffeine can accumulate in individuals with severe liver disease, increasing its half-life. [191]

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