4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

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Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) is a tholeiitic basalt commonly erupted only at ocean ridges and is characteristically low in incompatible elements. [38] [8] Although all MORBs are chemically similar, geologists recognize that they vary significantly in how depleted they are in incompatible elements. Their presence in close proximity along mid-ocean ridges is interpreted as evidence for mantle inhomogeneity. [39] Isotope ratios of elements such as strontium, neodymium, lead, hafnium, and osmium in basalts have been much studied to learn about the evolution of the Earth's mantle. [58] Isotopic ratios of noble gases, such as 3 He/ 4He, are also of great value: for instance, ratios for basalts range from 6 to 10 for mid-ocean ridge tholeiitic basalt (normalized to atmospheric values), but to 15–24 and more for ocean-island basalts thought to be derived from mantle plumes. [59] Keller, Jörg; Krafft, Maurice (November 1990). "Effusive natrocarbonatite activity of Oldoinyo Lengai, June 1988". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (8): 629–645. Bibcode: 1990BVol...52..629K. doi: 10.1007/BF00301213. S2CID 129106033.

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Inge y Rainer, los dueños de la 'casa milagro' de La Palma: "Aunque no podemos ir, nos alivia que siga en pie" ". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2021-09-23 . Retrieved 2021-09-25. ... en El Paraíso, justo la pedanía más afectada hasta la fecha por el río de lava del volcán. Más de la mitad de las casas, incluido el colegio local, ya han sido devoradas por la ceniza.[... in El Paraíso, just the district most affected to date by the river of lava from the volcano. More than half of the houses, including the local school, have already been consumed by ash.] Types and Processes Gallery: Lava Flows". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2015.

Yıldırım, Mücahit (January 2020). "Shading in the outdoor environments of climate-friendly hot and dry historical streets: The passageways of Sanliurfa, Turkey". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 80: 106318. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106318. McEwen, A. S.; etal. (1998). "High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io". Science. 281 (5373): 87–90. Bibcode: 1998Sci...281...87M. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5373.87. PMID 9651251. S2CID 28222050.

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

Holyoke Basalt". USGS Mineral Resources Program. United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 13 August 2020. Richthofen, Ferdinand Freiherrn von (1860). "Studien aus den ungarisch-siebenbürgischen Trachytgebirgen"[Studies of the trachyte mountains of Hungarian Transylvania]. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (Wein) [Annals of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute of Vienna] (in German). 11: 153–273. Spry, Alan (January 1962). "The origin of columnar jointing, particularly in basalt flows". Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 8 (2): 191–216. Bibcode: 1962AuJES...8..191S. doi: 10.1080/14400956208527873. Pinkerton, H.; Bagdassarov, N. (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 132 (2–3): 115–136. Bibcode: 2004JVGR..132..115B. doi: 10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x. Lillie, Robert J. (2005). Parks and plates: the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores (1sted.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-92407-7.Cheng, Zhilong; Yang, Jian; Zhou, Lang; Liu, Yan; Wang, Qiuwang (January 2016). "Characteristics of charcoal combustion and its effects on iron-ore sintering performance". Applied Energy. 161: 364–374. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.095.

Basalt - Wikipedia Basalt - Wikipedia

Volcanic glass may be present, particularly as rinds on rapidly chilled surfaces of lava flows, and is commonly (but not exclusively) associated with underwater eruptions. [79] Vesuvius Erupts, 1738". Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology . Retrieved 6 August 2022. Green, D. H.; Ringwood, A. E. (2013). "The Origin of Basalt Magmas". The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol.13. pp.489–495. Bibcode: 1969GMS....13..489G. doi: 10.1029/GM013p0489. ISBN 978-1-118-66897-9.Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also carbon dioxide. Explosively erupted pyroclastic material is called tephra and includes tuff, agglomerate and ignimbrite. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas. [16] Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nded.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.

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a b McGounis-Mark, Peter. "Radar Studies of Lava Flows". Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds. Lunar and Planetary Institute . Retrieved 18 March 2017. Lopes, Rosaly M. C.; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004). Volcanic Worlds: Exploring The Solar System's Volcanoes. Springer-Praxis. p.135. ISBN 978-3-540-00431-8. The alkaline series – subgroups of alkaline basalts and the rare, very high potassium-bearing (i.e. shoshonitic) lavas. their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and can be compared to adjacent geological strata, thus permitting calibration of the geological time scale; [4] AFM ternary diagram showing the relative proportions of Na 2O + K 2O (A for Alkali earth metals), FeO + Fe 2O 3 (F), and MgO (M) with arrows showing the path of chemical variation in tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series magmasAccretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows. [56]ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes. [55] Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by oxygen and silicon, the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust, with smaller quantities of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, and potassium and minor amounts of many other elements. [6] Petrologists routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or molar mass fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava. [9]